Oration, Pronounced at the Funeral of George Wythe

Front page of the Richmond Enquirer on June 13, 1806.

"Oration Pronounced at the Funeral of George Wythe" is a newspaper account of the speech delivered by William Munford, Wythe's friend and former student, at Wythe's state funeral in the Capitol building in Richmond, Virginia, on June 11th, 1806. It originally appeared in the Richmond Enquirer and was subsequently republished in several newspapers including the Raleigh Register and North-Carolina State Gazette.

Article text, 13 June 1806

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The Enquirer.
RICHMOND, 13th JUNE.

The following Funeral Oration, in honor of the late venerable Chancellor, George Wythe, delivered on Monday, the 9th inst. by William Mumford, Esq [sic], to a numerous audience assembled at the Capitol, in the hall of the House of Delegates, was furnished by him for publication at the request of the Editor of this Paper. As it was a composition for which very little time was allowed, as previous to its being pronounced, nothing more than its outlines were prepared, all the rest being conceived and uttered extempore; it is hoped by the author that the candid reader will make all reasonable allowances for its inaccuracies.

Oration

PRONOUNCED AT THE FUNERAL
OF

GEORGE WYTHE

Fellow-Citizens,
I ADDRESS you on the occasion with feelings which agitate and oppress me. The mournful duty which we are assembled to perform, the irreparable loss we have all sustained, and particularly myself who am now called upon, with an heart torn with grief, to speak of him, who was not only the friend of human nature, but my own dearest and best friend; the sorrow which I am certain is felt by every individual in this numerous audience, and which I see strongly depicted on the faces of many; all combine to overpower me with diffidence and regret. Hard indeed is the task to do justice to the many virtues of the great and good man for whom we mourn. I dread that my abilities will be found inadequate to this important undertaking; and I wish most sincerely that some gentleman of superior eloquence had consented to commemorate, by a funeral Eulogy, the departed Patriot and Sage, who was truly the boast of Virginia. Particularly, I should have been happy if some older citizen, who knew him in his younger days, and joined his glorious labors at the commencement of our revolution, had now endeavored to describe his great and meritorious public services in those days of difficulty and danger. But it cannot be. Most of the heroes and Patriots of the Revolution are gone to their graves with glory, and George Wythe, one of the oldest and best of those venerable fathers of their country, has now followed Washington, Franklin, Samuel Adams, and many others, who are indeed removed from this troublesome world, and at rest from their labors, but whose fame shall live forever in the hearts of their fellow citizens. Under these circumstances, the task devolves upon me, far inferior to those immortal worthies, to pay the last sad tribute of applause to their departed coadjutor and friend. I am emboldened, however, to engage in this difficult enterprise by considering, that although many of the public virtues of the deceased were not personally known to me, yet some of them, and not the least of important, have come within my own observation, and that I have long been most intimately acquainted with those which adorn his private life. His extraordinary goodness to me, that kindness which induced him to take me when an unfortunate orphan into his house, and to treat me as a second father, afforded me peculiar opportunities of feeling and knowing the god-like spirit which animated the bosom of him who now lies cold and insensible before us. The sacred ties of gratitude therefore bind me not to permit the funeral of my dear, my noble benefactor, to unattended with an eulogy expressed with truth and sincerity, however imperfect in other respects. Indeed I am most encouraged on this occasion by the reflection that truth, plain, artless and unadorned, is all that is needful in an attempt to celebrate a character noted for his plainness and republican simplicity. True it is, that nothing that can be said can benefit him. The "dull, cold ear of death" cannot be roused by the voice of honor, nor awakened by the lamentations of those who survive. Perhaps he hears not our praise, or is so engaged by the bliss he now enjoys as not to regard it. It might appear therefore that funeral solemnities are useless and unavailing. But such is not the case. They serve at least as an example to the living, and may be the means of communicating and keeping alive the sacred fire of virtue. I am also enthusiastic enough to believe, that the souls of the good and worthy, even after death, may be gratified by knowing the manner in which their memories are regarded in this world; that they look down and observe the sorrows of their friends, and rejoice in their praise. Very probably this is one of the rewards of a well-spent life; else wherefore has heaven implanted in the breasts of men the desire of fame in future ages as an incentive to virtuous actions? I shall therefore proceed to describe as faithfully as I can, the career of glory through which this exalted patriot, firm republican and honest man has passed, trusting that the affection of you all for the dead, will induce you favorably to accept a well meant, though feeble endeavor to pay the respect so eminently due to his memory.

In calling to your recollection his virtues, my own inclinations would induce me to begin with those of his private life, in which I confess my own heart is more particularly interested; but as his public virtues were of the greatest importance, not to a few persons only, but to all America, the superior dignity of the subject requires me to mention them in the first place. Of these, let me turn your attention to the uncommon patriotism, which was conspicuous during the whole course of his long and useful life. The first remarkable example evincing the degree in which he possessed that divine virtue, was his conduct at the commencement of the Revolution. In those perilous days, when life, liberty and property were placed at hazard; when death and confiscation would have been the fate, if they had proved unsuccessful, of those who opposed the tyrant King of Great-Britain; our venerable patriot, Mr. Wythe, was firm and undaunted, and zealously attached to the cause of his country. At that important time, when the greatest men in America ever produced were chosen by her voice to save her from destruction, to whom did his fellow-citizens look up as one of her deliverers? To George Wythe—to him whom we now with so much cause lament, for, alas! he can serve no longer those he so tenderly loved. He was one of that famous Congress, who assembled on the 18th of May, 1775, and did not separate until they had declared the Independence of America. He was one of those that signed that every memorable declaration by which they pledged "their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor to maintain and defend the violated rights of their country. He was an active, useful, and respected member of that body, the most enlightened, patriotic and heroic that perhaps ever existed in the world, in esteeming and admiring which all nations now concur. From the arduous and important duties which he there exercised, he was called by his nation state to perform others not less interesting and necessary. Our countrymen were then attempting a new and hitherto untried experiment, of vast importance and doubtful success; no less than the political regeneration of a great nation, the total destruction of a monarchial system, and the establishment of a republic in its stead; every thing then depended on infusing into our laws that republican spirit which animated the people, and by the preservation of which alone, their liberty could be preserved and perpetuated. It became therefore necessary to new-model our laws, and lay the foundations of the temple of freedom firmly in the wisdom and justice of our institutions. The persons appointed to execute this great work, and by whom it was accomplished were, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Pendleton, and George Wythe: who, though mentioned last, might with propriety be considered as the chief; for, great and exalted as is the merit of MR. Jefferson, it must be confessed that he is in a great measure indebted for it to George Wythe, his preceptor and his friend. Between these two extraordinary men the warmest friendship has ever existed, and the President of the United States has always been proud to acknowledge himself as the pupil of the wise and modest Wythe. By a resolution of Virginia Assembly, dated the 5th of November, 1786, the three gentlemen, I have mentioned, were appointed revisors of the laws, with powers to propose such alterations as in their judgment should be deemed necessary: A trust of prodigious importance, on which the future destiny of Virginia depended! And in what manner was it discharged? In a manner more glorious and more useful to the human race than the works of other legislators, ancient or modern. On the 18th of June 1779, the committee of revisors made their report, a memorable monument of indefatigable industry and attention, as well as of wisdom, virtue and patriotism. In reviewing the labors of that committee, we find that they were the authors of the act directing the course of descents, by which the odious and unequal doctrine of the right of primegeniture was abolished and an equal distribution of the landed property of persons dying intestate is made among his children, or other nearest relations; an act which, by introducing and supporting equality of property to a certain degree among the citizens of this commonwealth, has produced, and will continue to produce, a more important effect in favor of freedom and republicanism, than any other cause whatsoever. The same committee proposed the act for regulating conveyances, by which all estates in tail were converted into fees simple, and one of the most detestable contrivances of aristocracy to keep up inequality, and support proud and overbearing distinctions of particular families, was completely defeated. They also produced the deservedly celebrated act for the establishment of religious freedom, which I trust has released the people of Virginia from the danger of being ever subjected to an ecclesiastical tyranny, perhaps the worst of all. As a proof, however, that the proposal of that act did not rise from a desire to subvert religion, but, on the contrary, to maintain it in purity and peace, they at the same time proposed another, entitled an act to punish disturbers of religious worship and sabbath-breakers. Such were the most precious fruits of that truly republican and patriotic committee.

Other important acts might also be mentioned, for in fact, the whole of our militia system as first organized, the original arrangement and mode of proceeding in our courts of common law and chancery, were all the work of that committee, were all illustrious examples of their industry and legislative skill: in which if some defects have, in the course of experience, been discovered, they are only proofs that no human performance can be perfect. Yet the committee of revisors are not only entitled to praise for the laws, of which they were instrumental in obtaining the establishment, but for several which they proposed without success. Among those may be found a bill for the more general diffusion of knowledge, which, if the public spirit of the General Assembly had been equal to that of its authors, would have enabled the children of the poorest citizen in the community to stand an equal chance of acquiring science, honor, and promotion, with those of the most wealthy. Animated by motives of the same enlightened nature, they proposed a bill for establishing a public library; another for amending the constitution of William and Mary College, and providing more adequate revenues for its support; and furnished a hint, which gave birth to our present Penitentiary system, by a bill for proportioning crimes and punishments in cases heretofore capital, and a bill for the employment, government and support, of malefactors condemned to labor for the commonwealth.

We next find this excellent citizen in the important office of one of the three Judges of the High Court of Chancery, and afterwards, sole Chancellor of the state of Virginia. His extraordinary patriotism and disinterestedness were here most completely displayed. He served in that most troublesome and laborious office of all in the gift of the commonwealth of Virginia, and perhaps of the Untied States, for many years with the small salary of 300l. and, at last, with a salary somewhat larger but still very inadequate. With that scanty supply from his country, he lived in this expensive city, secluded from all other business but that of the public, to which he devoted all his time, unless when prevented by sickness; and in that office he continued till the day of his death, because he believed himself better qualified to serve his country in that station than in any other; when, if he had been disposed to seek for offices, he might have obtained others far more easy and lucrative. Notwithstanding, however, the toilsome duties of that office, his patriotism, ever active and ardent, brought him forward whenever he conceived his country's interest to require his assistance. We behold him a member of the convention which met in this city in the year 1788, to take under its consideration the proposed constitution of the United States. Being convinced that the confederation was defective in the energy necessary to preserve the union, liberty and general welfare of America, he was a zealous advocate for the new constitution. In that august convention, this venerable patriot, even then beginning to bow under the weight of years, was seen to rise to advocate that constitution, and exerted his voice almost too feeble to be heard, in contending for a system on the acceptance of which he conceived the happiness of his dear beloved country to depend.—But the most remarkable instance of his genuine patriotism, to which I confess I am rendered most partial, perhaps, by my own experience of its effects, was his zeal for the education of youth. Harrassed as he was with business; enveloped with perplexing papers, and intricate suits in chancery, he yet found time for many years, to keep a school for the instruction of a few young men at the time, always with very little, and often demanding no compensation.—What a proof was this of condescension, of pure patriotism and philanthropy! With all this, his industry and attention to business was not diminished, but continued as incessant as ever. Of his indefatigable assiduity I was myself, even in his last sickness. When on his death bed, racked with agonizing pains, I saw him with a large bundle of papers, relative to an injunction in chancery, lying by his bedside. He told me he had been studying them, and hoped to be better by the next day, that he might be enabled to hold the court again, and pronounce his decree in that cause; lamenting with extreme concern the inconvenience, which of the delay of business occasioned, by his sickness would be productive to persons who had causes depending before him. At that moment, when death was visible in his face and in every liimb [sic] he thought not of himself; he thought only of the public. Oh! where shall we find such another Chancellor?

The necessary consequence of his great assiduity and attention to study, was his extensive, various and profound learning; his sound and excellent judgment. Others may indeed have excelled him in genius, but he certainly never was surpassed in patriotism, learning and judgment.

Another quality, too, demands our attention, the most illustrious perhaps in the bright constellation of his virtues; of which I have already adverted to several striking testimonials. Ever attached to the constitution of the United States, and to the principles of freedom, he was in every change of affairs always steady and unshaken. His mind was not to be moved by the gusts of popular influence, nor by the stormy threats of tyranny. As in 1776, he was the enemy of the king of Great-Britain, so in 1793 and 1799, he was an opponent of the administration of John Adams, of alien and sedition laws, and standing armies. Always the friend of liberty and his country, twice I have seen him, hoary with age, and touching all with veneration, in that very chair (pointing at the Speaker's chair) sitting as President of the republican college of electors, and voting twice for a republican President. Yet, was it very observable, that he never yielded for a moment to the rancour of party-spirit, nor permitted the difference of opinion to interfere with his private friendships, the truth of which observation will be acknowledged by many of his political opponents, to whom he nevertheless remained a friend in private life, to the last.

His impartiality as a judge, and rigid attachment to what appeared to him to be equitable, was not less remarkable than his other extraordinary qualities. It ought ever to be remembered, that notwithstanding he loved his country so passionately, and was so attentive to its interest, yet he loved equity still more. It ought to be remembered, that he was the first judge who decided, (against the public opinion,) that the British debts should be recovered, and that on several very important occasions he entered decrees for large sums of money against his native state. Yet, to the immortal honor of the people of Virginia, be it said, those decisions of his did not diminish his popularity, but made them admire and respect him more than ever.

(To be continued.)

Article text, 17 June 1806

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The Enquirer.
RICHMOND, 17th JUNE. Oration

PRONOUNCED AT THE FUNERAL
OF
GEORGE WYTHE

[CONCLUDED.]

Such then, were the public virtues of this great man. His private virtues were not less exemplary. Among the most conspicuous of these were his integrity and disinterestedness. Undoubtedly, no man, not even the best of the worthies of ancient Greece and Rome, ever carried those virtues to a greater height than he did. Plain in his manners, strictly temperate in his life, and regardless of all profits except such as were made with honor and a good conscience, he furnished an example in the vigour of his youth (as I have been told by some, whom I am happy to see present) of a truly honest and upright lawyer, a character supposed by many (though I hope erroneously) to be very uncommon. No consideration could ever induce him to swerve from the straight line of integrity, to violate justice, or the laws of his country. With the spirit of a philosopher he lived a lawyer, and was indeed the brightest ornament of the bar. With these virtues of a stern and rigid cast, it should moreover be known, that this laborious student, this man of undeviating integrity, this firm and inflexible republican possessed a heart overflowing with the milk of human kindness. A kinder never throbbed in the bosom of a human being. His soul was the seat of benevolence and sensibility. From this most amiable turn of mind proceeded his ever active charity and liberality, the gentleness and mildness of his temper, which was seldom irritated but by his zeal for his country's good, his modest and unassuming deportment, and unwillingness to give pain to any mortal. His charity extended to every human being, however low and humble his station; for he, emphatically, was always striving to do good. Let the officers of his court, the gentlemen who had the pleasure of pleading, and those who had causes depending before him, let all who were educated by him, and indeed all who knew him, bear witness to the sweetness of his temper, his benevolence and kind deportment. His unwillingness to give trouble and pain was apparent almost in his last agonies—"Oh gentlemen!" said he, scarce audibly, you are very good—I am sorry you take so much trouble—but all will be in vain!" It may be said, indeed, that in one deplorable instance, (which it strikes me with horror to even mention,) his benevolence was placed on an unworthy subject, and repaid with black ingratitude.

But let not the selfish man deduce from this dreadful event an argument against the indulgence of charity, nor let the good man be discouraged. As no human being can be perfect, it is true perhaps, that the mildness and goodness of Mr. Wythe was sometimes carried too far. But if he had any fault, it was that of excessive goodness, which injured himself alone. Injured did I say? No; whatever may have been the cause of his death, and I tremble to think of its probable cause, he is not really injured. He is only relieved from the infirmities of mortality a little sooner; and although he may be a proof of the truth of the saying,

How oft, alas! does goodness wound itself. And sweet affection prove the source of woe!

yet, the multitude of friends who sincerely mourn his death, and the affection of all his other pupils for his memory, prove that he did not good in vain, but has indeed his reward.

This, my fellow-citizens, is the true character of the man, whose death we lament, of him who now sleeps in that coffin, a lifeless lump of clay. But no—he is not there! The good, the kind, the generous, the nobleminded George Wythe is not there.

His mortal body, I admit, is before us. But the real man, the divine and immortal soul is far away, perhaps above the stars themselves, enjoying everlasting bliss in the presence of that God, on whom he called as his hope and refuge, in the last agonies of expiring nature. Here permit me to correct a mistaken opinion, which has gone abroad concerning this excellent man. I think it particularly important to state that he was a christian. He communicated to me himself, a year or two before his death, his full conviction of the truth of the Christian Religion, and, on his death bed, often prayed to Jesus Christ his Saviour for relief. But death he did not dread, expressing only a wish to lay down his life with ease, observing, that, alas! it was a pity it should be so hard for a man to die!

I will now conclude with exhorting every person present, and particularly the younger part of my audience, to imitate the example of the virtues of that man whom I have endeavored to pourtray. True it is, that all who now hear me, cannot expect to attain the honors and dignified stations which he enjoyed and adorned. But it is in the power of all to resemble him in his industry and application to study, in his integrity, plainness and purity of manners, and his patriotism and republican principles. Let me entreat you to consider, that it is not by the love of money, by foppery and parade, by pomp and luxury, that the liberties of the people are to be preserved. If you wish the Temple of Freedom, that glorious structure erected in America, to remain unimpaired a thousand years hence, it is incumbent on you to live as republicans ought, free from vice and profusion, ever firm and inflexible, and never deviating from the course of rectitude. If you admire the character of the illustrious George Wythe, strive to make that character your own.

Your reward will be, in the first place, the approbation of your consciences, the best and most valuable reward of virtue in this world, far more precious than the applause of a crowd, which often is bestowed on the undeserving. This was the approbation which the honest republican Wythe valued above every other, and this we may all obtain, if we sincerely desire it. your reward in the next place will be the applause which the patriot George Wythe obtained. Such are the charms of true virtue that bad men admire it against their own inclinations; and good men never fail to love it, even in those who differ from them in opinion. Thus you see that federalists and republicans, friends and foes in politics, all unite in sincerely mourning the loss of the firm, the sincere, the virtuous republican Geo. Wythe, all being convinced that his intentions were upright, although in some things he disagreed with themselves.

Your last and best reward will be happiness after death. In this world, our portion of happiness is but small. The best men are often afflicted like the worst. They have to weep with agonized hearts for the loss of those they love most dearly, as we do now; and sometimes, as was the case of our unfortunate friend, they feel the stroke of death embittered by the sharp and venomous sting of ingratitude. But they have their consolation. They repose their hopes in the bosom of their great God, and look to the place he has appointed as their permanent abode. Such was the comfort, which smoothed the bed of death to our departed friend.

He always believed in a future and a better state, which alone can afford to good men their just retribution; and I trust is himself at this moment in that happier world, where "the wicked cease from trembling and the weary are at rest." If his blessed spirit, exalted above the care and pains of mortality, could render us any service, I would invoke it, and call upon him to infuse into our hearts, at least a portion of his virtues. But to him it would not be proper for us to make our application. To the Almighty Creator only, to that God who made him all that he was, our requests should be directed. And that he may, in his mercy, teach us properly to estimate, and draw the most useful instruction from the great example which is not set before us, is my most sincere and fervent prayer.