Euripidis Tragœdiæ Medea et Phœnissæ
by Euripides
Euripides was an Athenian tragic poet/playwright who lived c. 485-406 BCE, making him the youngest of the three great Athenian tragedians – the other two being Aeschylus and Sophocles.[1] Little is known about his life, though we do know that he was interested in the human mind and therefore associated with sophists such as Anaxagoras, Socrates and Protagoras, disregarding the temptation of using his fame to become a prominent political player in Athens.[2] Euripides won just four victories at the famous Dionysia theater competition, ranking him much lower than Aeschylus and Sophocles, with 13 and 18 victories respectively. [3] However, more than twice of Euripides’ plays have survived to modern times than of Aeschylus or Sophocles.[4] Euripides allegedly wrote 92 plays, 80 for which titles are known, and 19 of which are extant. [5] Extreme emotions and unorthodox events are prevalent in Euripides’ writing (often shown through the use of the Chorus) as his characters battle societal pressures, torturous situations, and inner conflicts – highlighting “his awareness that personality is inherently a fragmented thing, different aspects being displayed at different times.”[6] Though toward the end of his life, not only did Euripides leave plays unperformed, but his plays became less tragic offering audiences an easier experience without having to face painful reality as closely.[7] Additionally, the importance of the Chorus and the prevalence of songs decreased in these later plays.[8]
This work contains two of Euripides’ plays: Medea and The Phoenician Women. They are presented in both Greek and Latin, with additional Greek comments. Medea is the story of a “barbarian” woman (sometimes called a witch for her medicinal powers) scorned by her husband when he decides to advance his position by leaving her and their two children in order to marry Glauce, the princess of Corinth, where they settled after they met and went through a series of adventures (told in the store of Jason and the Golden Fleece or Jason and the Argonauts). The king of Corinth, Creon, fears Medea will seek revenge against his daughter and new son-in-law, and banishes Medea, but gives her one day. He lives to regret this because Medea quickly plans and uses that day to secure a place of safety in Athens after she kills Jason, his new wife and the king. Medea gives Glauce a poisoned dress and coronet killing her brutally. Creon embraces his daughter in grief, choosing to die with her. In her final act of murder, Medea kills her two children in order to leave Jason with absolutely nothing. She then escapes with the help of her grandfather, the Sun-God, who gives her a dragon-pulled chariot.
The Phoenician Women is a variant on the Oedipal Trilogy play “Seven Against Thebes” by Aeschylus. It tells the story of the war between Oedipus and Jocasta’s sons Eteocles and Polyneices. They locked their father away to hopefully keep people from talking about his detestable actions (killing his father and marrying his mother), but Oedipus cursed them both saying neither would rule without killing the other. The brothers worked out a system to share the throne by switching positions each year, but after Eteocles rules for his year, he decides not to abdicate and give the throne to his brother. Polyneices goes to Argos and marries the daughter of the king who sends him back to Thebes with an army so he can reconquer it. Euripides notably kept Jocasta alive in his version of the story rather than having her commit suicide. She arranges a cease-fire and serves as a mediator between her sons, but they cannot resolve their dispute. Creon, Jocasta’s brother, learns from the prophet Teiresias that he must sacrifice his son to end the war. Though Creon sends him away to safety, his son sacrifices himself to appease the war god Ares. None of this is known before Eteocles and Polyneices agree to single combat and mortally wound each other. Jocasta kills herself out of grief, then Antigone goes with her father Oedipus into exile in Athens after breaking off her engagement with Creon’s other son Haemon.
Bibliographic Information
Author: Euripides
Title: Euripidis Tragœdiæ Medea et Phœnissæ: Græco-Latinæ cum Scholiis Græcis Integris
Publication Info: Cantabrigiæ : Typis academicis, impensis Sam. Smith & Benj. Walford. D. Pauli Londini. A.D, 1703.
Edition:
Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library
Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy
Bound in contemporary panelled calf with S. Smith & B. Walford frontispiece. Purchased from Sevin Seydi Rare Books.
References
- ↑ " Euri'pidēs” in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, ed. by M.C. Howatson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
- ↑ Ibid.
- ↑ " Euripidēs " in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World, ed. by John Roberts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
- ↑ Ibid.
- ↑ " Euri'pidēs”
- ↑ Ibid.
- ↑ " Euripidēs "
- ↑ Ibid.
