Difference between revisions of "Agreement of Secrecy"

Latest revision as of 10:07, 11 September 2023

Page one of the "Agreement of Secrecy," signed by members of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, November 9, 1775. Original at the National Archives, Washington, D.C.

On Tuesday morning, September 6, 1774, the First Continental Congress, convened in Philadelphia's Carpenter's Hall, passed a resolution to keep their proceedings secret:

Resolved, That the door be kept shut during the time of business, and that the members consider themselves under the strongest obligations of honour, to keep the proceedings secret, until the majority shall direct them to be made public.

This resolve was reiterated on May 11, 1775 by the Second Continental Congress, by that time reconvened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia.^[1] John Adams mentions he is under an "engagement of secrecy" in a letter to Elbridge Gerry, dated November 5, 1775:

Dear Sir:
I am under such restrictions, injunctions, and engagements of secrecy respecting every thing which passes in Congress, that I cannot communicate my own thoughts freely to my friends, so far as is necessary to ask their advice and opinions concerning questions, which many of them understand much better than I do. This, however, is an inconvenience which must be submitted to for the sake of superior advantages.^[2]

Edmund C. Burnett notes an increase in references to secrecy in Congressional correspondence in 1775:

The frequent mention since early in October of the requirement of secrecy indicate that the resolve of May 11 had been broken by members of Congress and that pressure of some sort had been brought to bear upon them to induce them to observe this obligation. On Nov. 9 a resolution of a very rigid character was adopted, which members were required to sign and the violation of which incurred the penalty of expulsion from Congress and denunciation as an enemy to the liberties of America.^[3]

The "rigid" resolution adopted by Congress on November 9, 1775 was officially endorsed as an "Engagement of the Members to Secresy." The manuscript, now in the United States National Archives, is in the handwriting of secretary Charles Thomson, signed by the members then present. Other delegates signed the agreement as they arrived, with the last signatures appended in June, 1777. George Wythe and the other members of the Virginia Delegation—Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson and Francis Lightfoot Lee—probably signed in November, since their credentials were presented to and approved by Congress on 13th of September, 1775.^[4] Their signatures appear on the second page of the document.

Burnett also notes the difficulty in ascertaining the dates and order of signatures to the document:

A facsimile of the document is in Force, Am. Arch., fourth ser., III. 1915, and in Warren-Adams Letters, I. 126. The resolution was signed by members as late as June, 1777, the last signature to which a date is attached being that of William Duer, June 5, 1777. It is probable that the three remaining signatures, those of Nicholas Van Dyke, Henry Marchant, and George Frost, were appended the same day. Duer had been in attendance since Apr. 7, 1777, Van Dyke only since June 2, while Frost had attended May 16, Marchant May 31.^[5]

The increasing pressure for secrecy during 1774-1775 was in response not only to information leaked in communications from delegates,^[6] but to King George III's "Proclamation of Rebellion" on August 23, 1775, following the Battle of Bunker Hill. The royal proclamation declared Congress's activities traitorous, and commanded all British officers and loyal subjects to "transmit to one of our principal Secretaries of State, or other proper officer, due and full information of all persons who shall be found carrying on correspondence with, or in any manner or degree aiding or abetting the persons now in open arms and rebellion against our Government."

Manuscript text, 9 November 1775

Page 1

Page one of the "Agreement of Secrecy," signed by members of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, November 9, 1775. Records of the Continental and Confederation Congresses and the Constitutional Convention, Record Group 360, National Archives. Image from fold3.

In Congress Nov.^r 9.^th 17 [75]

Resolved   That every member of this Congress considers himself under the ties of virtue, honor and love of his Country not to divulge directly or indirectly any matter or thing agitated or debated in Congress before the same shall have been determined, without leave of the Congress; nor any matter or thing determined in Congress which a majority of the Congress shall order to be kept secret, and that if any member shall violate this agreement he shall be expelled this Congress and deemed an enemy to the liberties of America & liable to be treated as such, & that every member signify his consent to this agreement by signing the same.

B Franklin John Dickinson E Biddle

Jas Duane Lewis Morris Frans Lewis Wm. Floyd Robt R Livingston junr Henry Wisner Step.n Crane Wil: Livingston Tho.s Willing And.w Allen C: Humphreys James Wilson Robt Morris

John Hancock Josiah Bartlett John Langdon Thomas Cushing Saml Adams John Adams Robt Treat Paine Step. Hopkins Sam. Ward Elipht Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane

Page 2

Page two of the "Agreement of Secrecy," signed by members of the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Original at the National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Page two of the "Agreement of Secrecy," November 9, 1775, Records of the Continental and Confederation Congresses and the Constitutional Convention, Record Group 360, National Archives. Image from fold3.

Th Johnson Junr Wm Paca Samuel Chase Richard Henry Lee Th: Jefferson Benja Harrison Thos Nelson jr G Wythe Francis Lightfoot Lee John Penn Will Hooper Joseph Hewes Nov. 10.th Tho Lynch Christ Gadsden Edward Rutledge Arch:d Bulloch John Houstoun Thomas Lynch Junr Arthur Middleton Fras. Hopkinson 28 June

Thos M:Kean Geo: Read Cæsar Rodney John Jay Rich:d Smith (Jersey) Philad.a 18 Jany. 1776. Saml Huntington Rob.t Alexander Oliver Wolcott J Rogers Elbridge Gerry T: Stone Jona D Sergeant Geo: Clinton W:m Whipple Mat. Tilghman Carter Braxton Thos Heyward Jun:r { May 20th Lyman Hall { 20th Button Gwinnett William Ellery Jno Witherspoon

Page 3

Page three of the "Agreement of Secrecy," November 9, 1775, Records of the Continental and Confederation Congresses and the Constitutional Convention, Record Group 360, National Archives. Image from fold3.

Page four of the "Agreement of Secrecy," November 9, 1775, endorsed by Charles Thomson as "Engagement of the Members to Secresy." Records of the Continental and Confederation Congresses and the Constitutional Convention, Record Group 360, National Archives. Image from fold3.

Abra: Clark Geo Walton John Hart B Rush. 22 July 1776 Wm. Williams, 30 July 1776 Geo. Clymer Chas. Carroll Jonath.n Elmer Mann Page Junr Nathan Brownson Feb 3d 1777 Matthew Thornton James Lovell Tho. Burke W: Smith W:m Duer June 5:th 1777 Nich.s VanDyke Hy Marchant Geo: Frost

Facsimile of agreement

References

1. ↑ Journals of the American Congress: from 1774 to 1788, vol. 1, From September 5, 1774, to December 31, 1776, Inclusive (Washington, D.C.: Way and Gideon, 1823), 7, 55.
2. ↑ Edmund C. Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, vol. 1 August 29, 1774, to July 4, 1776 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1921), 249. See also 255n2, for Adams' mentions of secrecy.
3. ↑ Burnett, Letters, 255n2.
4. ↑ Journals, 137.
5. ↑ Burnett, Letters, 255n.
6. ↑ John Adams, writing to James Warren on October 2, 1775, said: "Our Obligations of Secrecy are so braced up, that I must deny myself the Pleasure of Writing Particulars. Not because some Letters have been intercepted, for notwithstanding the Versification of them, they have done good, tho they have made some People grin." Burnett, Letters, 213-214.

External links

• Continental Congress: Agreement of Secrecy, 9 November 1775, Founders Online, National Archives.
• The Order of the Descendants of the Signers of the Secret Pact or Prior Declaration of Independence, at the Internet Archive.