Difference between revisions of "Anti-Slavery Petition of 1795"

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[[File:Anti-Slavery Petition pg1.jpg|right|thumb|450px|<center>[http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/File:AntiSlaveryPetition_1795.pdf Petition], page one.</center>]]
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[[File:Anti-Slavery Petition pg1.jpg|right|thumb|450px|<center>[http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/Media:AntiSlaveryPetition_1795.pdf Petition], page one.</center>]]
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==Text of the petition==
+
A [[Media:AntiSlaveryPetition_1795.pdf|petition by "sundry inhabitants" of Virginia]], presented to the [http://virginiageneralassembly.gov/ House of Delegates] in Richmond, Virginia on November 16, 1795, declaring the evils of the institution of slavery.<ref>"[[Media:AntiSlaveryPetition_1795.pdf|An Act to ameliorate the present condition of slaves, and give freedom to those born after the passing of the act]]." Library of Virginia, Legislative Petitions microfilm, Reel 233, Box 294, Folder 5.</ref> Not going so far as to demand immediate emancipation, the petitioners request a law be passed restricting "inhuman treatment" of slaves, and guaranteeing the freedom of children born to slaves after the law is enacted.<ref>The text of this petition was first recorded in "Antislavery Petitions Presented to the Virginia Legislature by Citizens of Various Counties," ''Journal of Negro History'' 12, no. 4 (October, 1927), 671-73.</ref>
−
===Page one===
+
 
−
To The Speaker and House of Delegates in Virginia.
+
The reading of the petition before the Virginia legislature was recorded in the [[Media:JournalOfTheHouseOfDelegates1795.pdf|House ''Journal'']]'':''
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>
 +
A petition of sundry inhabitants of various parts of this state, whose names are thereunto subscribed, was presented and read, setting forth, that they consider slavery not only a moral but a political evil, which in all its forms, and degrees, is an outrageous violation and odious degradation of man, tending to weaken the bands [''sic''] of society, and endanger the peace and obstruct the prosperity of the country; and praying that an act may pass to ameliorate the present condition of slaves, and give freedom to such as shall be born after the passing of the said act.
 +
 
 +
''Ordered,'' That the said petition be referred to a committee of the whole House, on the 31st day of March next.<ref>''[[Media:JournalOfTheHouseOfDelegates1795.pdf|Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Begun and Held at the Capitol, in the City of Richmond, on Tuesday, the Tenth Day of November, One Thousand Seven Hundred and Ninety-Five]],'' (Richmond, VA: Augustine Davis, 1795), 15. Augustine Davis, printer for the state, is named in the petition.</ref>
 +
</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
There are 393 petitioners named, including [[John Marshall]], [[William DuVal]], and [[George Wythe]]. The list is all in one handwriting without individual signatures, and the preserved petition displayed here may be a copy. There was no result recorded with the Virginia legislature from this petition, and no action taken.<ref>[https://library.uncg.edu/slavery/petitions/details.aspx?pid=2244 "Petition 11679501 Details,"] Race and Slavery Petitions Project, University of North Carolina at Greensboro.</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Text of the petition, 16 November 1795==
 +
===Page 1===
 +
<center>
 +
To The Speaker and House of Delegates in Virginia.<br />
 
The Petition of sundry Inhabitants of various parts of this State.
 
The Petition of sundry Inhabitants of various parts of this State.
 +
</center>
  
 
Respectfully Sheweth.
 
Respectfully Sheweth.
  
−
That your petitioners, from a full conviction that slavery is not only a moral but a political evil, which in all its forms, in all its degrees, is an outrageous violation and an odious degradation of human nature, tending to weaken the bonds of society, discourage trades and manufactures, indanger the peace and obstruct the prosperity of the country. And commiserating the unhappy situation of a large proportion of people within this state who by the Laws now in force, are held as personal property and they and their innocent offspring liable to be kept in perpetual bondage and ignorance, subject to the arbitrary will of those who hold them, as well in respect to inhuman treatment, as in unnatural separation from the most near and dear connections in life without appeal and without redress.  They therefore conceive themselves in duty bound to remind this House as the proper guardians of every description of men within the State of a subject so interesting, and which appears to them in a particular manner, to call the attention and require the interposition of the Legislature.
+
That your petitioners, from a full conviction that slavery is not only a moral but a political evil, which in all its forms, in all its degrees, is an outrageous violation and an odious degradation of human nature, tending to weaken the bonds of society, discourage trades and manufactures, indanger the peace and obstruct the prosperity of the country. And commiserating the unhappy situation of a large proportion of people within this state who by the Laws now in force, are held as personal property and they and their innocent offspring liable to be kept in perpetual bondage and ignorance, subject to the arbitrary will of those who hold them, as well in respect to inhuman treatment, as in unnatural separation from the most near and dear connections in life without appeal and without redress.  They therefore conceive themselves in duty bound to remind this House as the proper guardians of every description of men within the State of a subject so interesting, and which appears to them in a particular manner, to call the attention and require the interposition of the Legislature.
 +
 
 +
Your Petitioners regret that several States within the American Union where these unalienable rights of human nature to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness have been so clearly defined and successfully assured, should in contradiction thereto and contrary to the divine command of, "doing to others as they would they should do unto them," suffer under sanction of Law so large a number of fellow men to remain in a state of abject slavery; at a time too, when the burning spirit of liberty seems to be diffusing itself through the world.
 +
 
 +
[[File:Petition16November1795Crop.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Crop from page two of the petition, with "Geo. Wythe" as the second name to appear.]]
 +
Your Petitioners are aware of the objections that probably would arise to a <u>general</u> and <u>immediate</u> Emancipation, as well from interested motives, as the unfitness of individuals for freedom:  They are not insensible that a people long destitute of the means of mental improvement may in some instances be sunk below the common standard of human nature; accustomed to move at the will of a master or overseer, reflection may in some degree be suspended and reason and conviction have but little influence on their conduct; They are also sensible to the effect of custom, and the prejudices arising from a habit of looking upon the African race as an inferior species of mankind, and regarding them only as property.  Believing nevertheless that, "God is no respecter of persons," that he "hath made of one blood all Nations of men, for to dwell on all the face of the Earth," and that, "his mercies are over all his works;" Encouraged also by that gracious declaration of our Saviour as an excitement to acts of humanity and benevolence, Viz<sup>t</sup>. "Verily I say unto you inasmuch as ye have done it unto the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me."  Your Petitioner therefore in discharge of the duty they owe to the merciful Father of all the families of the Earth; compassion for the sufferers; and a desire to promote the true interest and prosperity of the Country; and also to remove as much as may be the objections which may arise from motives of present interest or the unfitness of individuals for freedom, and at the same time gradually abolish an evil of great magnitude: They humbly propose, and pray that a law may be [passed] declaring the children of Slaves now born or to be born after the passing of such an Act, to be made free, as they [come to proper]
 +
 
 +
===Page 2===
 +
ages to [enjoy] their instruction to Read &amp;c. and to invest them with suitable privileges as an excitement to become useful citizens; and also to restrain the holders from inhuman treatment of those who may remain in Bondage.  Or that the House may grant such other relief as in its wisdom may seem meet.<br />
 +
<br />
 +
 
 +
{| style="width: 90%; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0;" |-
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0;" |
 +
David Meade<br />
 +
[[George Wythe|Geo. Wythe]]<br />
 +
Edmund Jones<br />
 +
John Cringan<br />
 +
Robert Turnbull<br />
 +
William Richardson<br />
 +
Samuel Couch<br />
 +
Augustine Davis<br />
 +
Joseph Harding<br />
 +
Benj<sup>a</sup>. [Rufred?]<br />
 +
Tho<sup>s</sup>. T. Bates<br />
 +
Joseph A. Myers<br />
 +
Reuben Harrison<br />
 +
James Wright<br />
 +
George Wills<br />
 +
John Bryan<br />
 +
Andrew Thaklin<br />
 +
[Thelin?] Sheltman<br />
 +
Peter Kelly<br />
 +
John Ferguson<br />
 +
[Obscured]<br />
 +
Ja<sup>s</sup>. Moore<br />
 +
Nicholas Walder<br />
 +
George Wymer<br />
 +
Joseph Pinnell<br />
 +
Joseph Porter<br />
 +
Benj<sup>a</sup>. Wall<br />
 +
Reuben Finnell<br />
 +
James Moore<br />
 +
Carr Waller<br />
 +
John Parrish<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Ratcliff<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Shelburn<br />
 +
Lewellin Spencer<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Weathers<br />
 +
Charles Talley<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>. Gover<br />
 +
[Barenil?] Hough<br />
 +
Thomas Moore<br />
 +
Joseph Fisher<br />
 +
[Obscured] Ratikin<br />
 +
[Obscured] Canby<br />
 +
[Obscured] Cavan
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0; padding-left: 5px;" |
 +
[[wikipedia:John Harvie |John Harvie]]<br />
 +
[[wikipedia:Charles Willing Byrd | Charles W. Byrd]]<br />
 +
John Pleasant<br />
 +
John Carew Ju<sup>r</sup>.<br />
 +
John McClurg<br />
 +
Frederick Argyle<br />
 +
J. Darmdale<br />
 +
J. Heron<br />
 +
Tho<sup>s</sup>. Barnett<br />
 +
John Lyre<br />
 +
Arch<sup>d</sup>. Pleasant<br />
 +
Hugh French<br />
 +
John Welch<br />
 +
Ferdinand Lair<br />
 +
Jacob Chauster<br />
 +
Jarold Wiseman<br />
 +
[[wikipedia:Robert Rutherford (congressman) |Rob<sup>t</sup>. Rutherford]]<br />
 +
James Brown<br />
 +
John Deaning<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>. Myer<br />
 +
[Obscured]<br />
 +
George [Hir?]<br />
 +
Shepherd Collins<br />
 +
Charles Bodkin<br />
 +
James Pinnell<br />
 +
William Gains<br />
 +
William Wright<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Keyes<br />
 +
S.D. Haricman<br />
 +
Lawrence Manfield<br />
 +
John Dickerson<br />
 +
Manfield B. Wood<br />
 +
Richard Rix<br />
 +
Benj<sup>a</sup>. Brown<br />
 +
Jade Williams<br />
 +
Tho<sup>j</sup>. Crenshaw<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Mitchener<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>. Murray<br />
 +
Isaac Thompson<br />
 +
George Gregg<br />
 +
Joseph Talbot<br />
 +
Jonas Potts<br />
 +
James Hamilton
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0; padding-left: 5px;" |
 +
James Warrington<br />
 +
[[William DuVal]]<br />
 +
John Stagg<br />
 +
Geo. Clopton<br />
 +
John Stewart<br />
 +
Robert McCartney<br />
 +
J. Pryor<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Fontaine<br />
 +
Hale Sharp<br />
 +
John Andrews<br />
 +
Joseph Woodson<br />
 +
Thomas Wafford<br />
 +
Joseph Mitter<br />
 +
Frederick Honaker<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Bryan<br />
 +
Joseph Lair<br />
 +
Elliot Rutherford<br />
 +
Gordon Rogers<br />
 +
Enos [Dorinis?]<br />
 +
George Murray<br />
 +
Lewis Stephens<br />
 +
[[wikipedia:John Robertson (congressman)|John Robertson]]<br />
 +
Samuel Weeks<br />
 +
Enos Tail<br />
 +
Benj<sup>a</sup>. Pinnell<br />
 +
Richard Parks<br />
 +
John Hutt<br />
 +
David Robinson<br />
 +
Eskridge Hall<br />
 +
John Stevens<br />
 +
George Arnold<br />
 +
John Saunders<br />
 +
Edmond Cole<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Ellis<br />
 +
Edward Wilkinson<br />
 +
Will<sup>m</sup>. Clayton<br />
 +
Joseph Smith<br />
 +
Joseph Jenny<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Barnes<br />
 +
Isaac Siddal<br />
 +
Thomas Smith<br />
 +
Samuel Thompson<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>. Donahue
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0; padding-left: 5px;" |
 +
Jam<sup>s</sup>. Tyler<br />
 +
Anthy. Singleton<br />
 +
[[wikipedia:Robert Pleasants |Rob<sup>t</sup>. Pleasants Ju<sup>r</sup>.]]<br />
 +
[[John Marshall]]<br />
 +
William Dabney<br />
 +
Jackson Frayser<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>. Parsons<br />
 +
Alex<sup>r</sup>. Buchanan<br />
 +
Ebenezar Maul<br />
 +
Daniel Butter<br />
 +
David Bullock<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. McKee<br />
 +
Andrew Muirhead<br />
 +
Michael Bachar<br />
 +
Cornelius Bryan<br />
 +
William Gray<br />
 +
Archer Rutherford<br />
 +
Josiah Shipman Ju<sup>r</sup>.<br />
 +
John Stephen<br />
 +
John J. Woodcock<br />
 +
Lewis Stephens Ju<sup>r</sup>.<br />
 +
Reuben Moore<br />
 +
John Weeks<br />
 +
John Hickman<br />
 +
Will<sup>m</sup>. Pinnell<br />
 +
Byron Mcgreath<br />
 +
Thomas Benton<br />
 +
Peter Harrison<br />
 +
Reuben Hrother<br />
 +
David Richardson Jr.<br />
 +
Edward T. Rowgee<br />
 +
John Roper<br />
 +
Tho<sup>s</sup>. Cowler<br />
 +
John Pierce<br />
 +
James Hill<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Stabler<br />
 +
Francis Hague<br />
 +
Mahlon Jenny<br />
 +
[[wikipedia: Thomas Mason (1770–1800) |Thomas Mason]]<br />
 +
John Hough<br />
 +
John Hollingsworth<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Aniby<br />
 +
Seven Powell&nbsp;&nbsp;W<sup>m</sup>. Hartshorn
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px 1px 0 0; padding-left: 5px;" |
 +
Alexander Campbell<br />
 +
Henry Heth<br />
 +
James Binford<br />
 +
Benj<sup>a</sup>. Lewis<br />
 +
William Lawrence<br />
 +
Joseph Butter<br />
 +
Tho<sup>s</sup>. Nicholson<ref>Possibly the Richmond printer Thomas Nicolson, who published [[Decisions of Cases in Virginia, by the High Court of Chancery|Wythe's Reports]], in 1795.</ref><br />
 +
Adam Craig<br />
 +
B. Rawlings<br />
 +
Thomas Carneal<br />
 +
Matthew Woodson<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Hughes<br />
 +
Stephen Ruddill<br />
 +
Rich<sup>d</sup>. Hughes<br />
 +
Morgan Bryan<br />
 +
Michael Waring<br />
 +
William Dunnavan<br />
 +
J. Shipman Sen<sup>r</sup>.<br />
 +
Jacob Myer<br />
 +
B. Selden<br />
 +
John [Bates?]<br />
 +
John Hickman<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>. Jenkins<br />
 +
Ja<sup>s</sup>. Sam<sup>l</sup>. Wright<br />
 +
Dan<sup>l</sup>. Field<br />
 +
John Thornhill<br />
 +
James Robertson<br />
 +
Tho<sup>s</sup>. Maddox<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Thomas<br />
 +
John West<br />
 +
Richard Pope<br />
 +
John Gadbury<br />
 +
Henry Cowler<br />
 +
Walter Hopkins<br />
 +
Francis Lennard<br />
 +
Joseph Beale<br />
 +
Isaac Harris<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>. Haugh<br />
 +
John Hirsh<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Hough<br />
 +
Joseph Wood<br />
 +
Nathaniel Stephens<br />
 +
Abraham Gilpin
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; border-width: 1px 0 0 0; padding-left: 5px;" |
 +
John Barrit<br />
 +
Isaac Younghusband<br />
 +
Cha<sup>s</sup>. Copland<br />
 +
[Lain?] J Johnson<br />
 +
Ro. Gambler<br />
 +
John Butter<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Carter [Sr.?]<br />
 +
Rob<sup>t</sup>. Langley<br />
 +
John Harris<br />
 +
James Ferguson<br />
 +
Josiah Woodson<br />
 +
Thomas Harrison<br />
 +
John Claypott<br />
 +
Paul Kauster<br />
 +
Abner Wiseman<br />
 +
Rob<sup>t</sup>. Harrison<br />
 +
Jo<sup>h</sup>. Domey<br />
 +
James Spinks<br />
 +
Josiah Moore<br />
 +
Hugh Kennedy<br />
 +
Hezekiah Bonham<br />
 +
Jessie Veach<br />
 +
Michael Humble<br />
 +
Reason Benton<br />
 +
Hercules Hawkins<br />
 +
John Hartford<br />
 +
Ja<sup>s</sup>. Haughter<br />
 +
Daniel Carrole<br />
 +
Edward Teffin<br />
 +
Rich<sup>d</sup>. Johnson<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Armistead<br />
 +
John Hackaday<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Williamson<br />
 +
John Christian<br />
 +
Rob<sup>t</sup>. Drake<br />
 +
Stephen Wilson<br />
 +
Benj<sup>a</sup>. Willett<br />
 +
Isaac Moore<br />
 +
John Schooley<br />
 +
Benj<sup>a</sup>. [Has?]<br />
 +
Francis Hereford<br />
 +
John Littlejohn<br />
 +
Benj<sup>a</sup>. [Shreve?]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
===Page 3===
 +
::::::::::Sundry Persons
 +
 
 +
::::::::::<u>Nov. 16<sup>th</sup></u>
 +
 
 +
::::::::::1795<br />
 +
::::::::::To whole on 31<sup>st</sup> [March?]
  
−
Your Petitioners regret that several States within the American Union where these unalienable rights of human nature to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness have been so clearly defined and successfully assured, should in contradiction thereto and contrary to the divine command of, “doing to others as they would they should do unto them,” suffer under sanction of Law so large a number of fellow men to remain in a state of abject slavery; at a time too, when the burning spirit of liberty seems to be diffusing itself through the world.
+
===Page 4===
 +
{| style="width: 90%; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0;" |-
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; border-width: 0 1px 0 0;" |
 +
John Davenport<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>. B. Harris<br />
 +
Tho<sup>s</sup>. Ocean<br />
 +
Charles Hewlit<br />
 +
Jos. Dobby<br />
 +
Geo. Hite<br />
 +
Lewis Duckwell<br />
 +
Philip Clover<br />
 +
Ambrose Clark<br />
 +
James Hedges<br />
 +
Thomas Hale<br />
 +
Presley Boydston<br />
 +
Alex<sup>r</sup>. Lenierr<br />
 +
Jo. Franklin Jr.<br />
 +
Enoch Martin<br />
 +
Benj<sup>a</sup>. Welsh<br />
 +
Ja<sup>s</sup>. [Sture?]<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Heil<br />
 +
Moses Harlan<br />
 +
James Baley<br />
 +
Richard Barrett<br />
 +
Rob<sup>t</sup>. Haines<br />
 +
Rob<sup>t</sup>. Evans<br />
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding-left: 5px;" |
 +
John Turner<br />
 +
Elijah Phelps<br />
 +
Jh<sup>o</sup>. Granthan<br />
 +
John Bond<br />
 +
James Daveion<br />
 +
James Laurence<br />
 +
James Law<br />
 +
Tho<sup>s</sup>. Halladay<br />
 +
Stephen Harlin<br />
 +
Jessie Harlan<br />
 +
Benj<sup>a</sup>. [Boydston?]<br />
 +
Ralph Potter<br />
 +
Baid Cross<br />
 +
Hezekiah Stephens<br />
 +
Nath<sup>l</sup>. Mulliner<br />
 +
Edw<sup>d</sup>. Frojatt?<br />
 +
Evan Rogers<br />
 +
Rich<sup>d</sup>. Ridgeway<br />
 +
Joseph Smith<br />
 +
John Cowgill<br />
 +
Isaac[?] Smith <br />
 +
John Ellis<br />
 +
Samuel Pleasants<ref>Samuel Pleasants (d. 1814), printer, bookseller, and editor of the ''Virginia Argus'' newspaper in Richmond.</ref><br />
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding-left: 5px;" |
 +
Edward Tiffin<br />
 +
James Lee<br />
 +
Henry Smith<br />
 +
Geo. Reed<br />
 +
[Obscured] Frum<br />
 +
Peter McMahon<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Ambrose<br />
 +
Michel Gray<br />
 +
J[? n<sup>o</sup>]. Bailey<br />
 +
Joshua Hodges<br />
 +
John Welsh Jr.<br />
 +
Lindsey Marshall<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Lemon<br />
 +
John Murphy<br />
 +
George Manual<br />
 +
James Hood<br />
 +
Jonathon Wright<br />
 +
Edward Beeson<br />
 +
Natha<sup>l</sup>. White Jr.<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Supton<br />
 +
David [Faulhaus?]<br />
 +
John Witt<br />
 +
[[wikipedia:James Wood (governor)|James Wood]]<br />
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding-left: 5px;" |
 +
Thornton Fleming<br />
 +
[[wikipedia:Robert Carter III|Robert Carter]]<br />
 +
Robert Lowe<br />
 +
Tho<sup>s</sup>. Taylor<br />
 +
Abner Golet<br />
 +
Aaron Dolby<br />
 +
Nicholas Stovin<br />
 +
Fred<sup>k</sup>. Duckwell<br />
 +
John Butter<br />
 +
John Hite<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>. J. Welsh<br />
 +
Michael Porter<br />
 +
Tho<sup>s</sup>. Curry<br />
 +
Solomon Chaffis<br />
 +
Joseph Gee<br />
 +
Jonas Hodges Ju<sup>r</sup>.<br />
 +
Ja<sup>s</sup>. Mendenhall<br />
 +
Abraham Branson<br />
 +
Joseph Bond<br />
 +
Isaac Brown<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>.[Lupton?]<br />
 +
Robert Pleasants<br />
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; border-width: 0 1px 0 0; padding-left: 5px;" |
 +
John Steed<br />
 +
William Hite<br />
 +
Geo. Bruce<br />
 +
[Meneios?] Ellis<br />
 +
Jos. P. Clutter<br />
 +
Jos. Fletcher<br />
 +
John Fennis<br />
 +
Charles Robinson<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. Mereir<br />
 +
Joseph Hedges<br />
 +
Joseph Fohman<br />
 +
Rich<sup>d</sup>. Swift<br />
 +
John Franklin<br />
 +
Jacob Fletcher<br />
 +
Solomon Chalsen<br />
 +
Abel Walker<br />
 +
Nath<sup>l</sup>. White Sr.<br />
 +
David Ross<br />
 +
Nathan Haines<br />
 +
Stephen McBride<br />
 +
John M<sup>c</sup>. [Harrison?]<br />
 +
James Lownes<br />
 +
<br />
 +
<br />
 +
| style="width: 16%; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 5px;" |
 +
Anthony Hall<br />
 +
Joseph Hite<br />
 +
James Wall<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>. Smith<br />
 +
James Crumbley<br />
 +
John Knott<br />
 +
Joseph Duckwell<br />
 +
John Barlaw<br />
 +
John Dougherty<br />
 +
John Vinsanheller<br />
 +
Tho<sup>s</sup>. Boydston<br />
 +
Joseph Stone<br />
 +
Jo. Franklin<br />
 +
Tho<sup>s</sup>. Perkin<br />
 +
Christian Bloom<br />
 +
John Antrein<br />
 +
W<sup>m</sup>. M<sup>c</sup>. Phirson<br />
 +
Dan<sup>l</sup>. Brown<br />
 +
Sam<sup>l</sup>. Finish<br />
 +
Lewis Walker<br />
 +
Joseph [Seer?] Ju<sup>r</sup>
 +
|}
  
−
Your Petitioners are aware of the objections that probably would arise to a general and immediate Emancipation, as well from interested motives, as the unfitness of individuals for freedom:  They are not insensible that a people long destitute of the means of mental improvement may in some instances be sunk below the common standard of human nature; accustomed to move at the will of a master or overseer, reflection may in some degree be suspended and reason and conviction have but little influence on their conduct; They are also sensible to the effect of custom, and the prejudices arising from a habit of looking upon the African race as an inferior species of mankind, and regarding them only as property.  Believing nevertheless that, “God is no respecter of persons,” that he “hath made of one blood all Nations of men, for to dwell on all the face of the Earth,” and that, “his mercies are over all his works;” Encouraged also by that gracious declaration of our Saviour as an excitement to acts of humanity and benevolence, viz. “Verily I say unto you inasmuch as ye have done it unto the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me.”  Your Petitioner therefore in discharge of the duty they owe to the merciful Father of all the families of the Earth; compassion for the sufferers; and a desire to promote the true interest and prosperity of the Country; and also to remove as much as may be the objections which may arise from motives of present interest or the unfitness of individuals for freedom, and at the same time gradually abolish an evil of great magnitude:  They humbly propose, and pray, that a law may be (made?) declaring the children slaves now born, or to be born after the passing of such act, to be made free, as they (text obscured).
+
==See also==
 +
*[[Between Pleasants and Logan]]
 +
*[[George Wythe and Slavery]]
 +
*''[[Pleasants v. Pleasants]]''
  
−
===Page two===
+
==References==
−
ages; to (inform?) their instruction to Read (??) and to invest them with suitable  privileges as an (excitement?) to become useful citizens; and also to restrain the holders from inhuman treatment of those who may remain in Bondage.  Or that the House may grant such other relief as in its wisdom may seem meet. 
+
<references/>
  
−
David Meade John Harvie James Warrington Samuel Tyler Alexander Campbell John Barrit
+
==External links==
−
[[George Wythe]] Charles W. Byrd William Duval Anthony Singleton Henry (Hath?) (Jane Younghusband?)
+
*[http://digitool1.lva.lib.va.us:8881/R/VM6HSY15U7XYTNK42HBCJ3NHUS3QDRQ2LSGFXX38NDCIUVERFR-04461?func=results-jump-full&set_entry=000002&set_number=192732&base=GEN01-ARC01 Legislative Petitions Digital Collection,] Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia. Please note the [http://digitool1.lva.lib.va.us:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=978850&custom_att_2=direct correct document link.]
−
Edmund Jones John Pleasant John Stagg Robert Pleasant (Jr.?) James Binford Charles Copland
+
*[https://library.uncg.edu/slavery/petitions/details.aspx?pid=2244 Race and Slavery Petitions Project,] University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
−
John Cringan John (Crow Jr.?) George Clopton John Marshall Benjamin Lewis (Lain?) J Johnson
 
−
Robert Turnbull John McClurg John Stewart William Dabney William Lawrence Robert Gambler
 
−
William Richardson Frederick Argyle Robert McCartney Jackson Frayser Joseph Butter John Butter
 
−
Samuel Couch J. Darmdale J. Pryor Samuel Parsons Thomas Nicholson William Carter (Sr.?)
 
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Augustine Davis J. Heron William Fontaine Alexander Buchanan Adam Craig Robert Langley
 
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Joseph Harding Thomas Barnett Hale Sharp Ebenezar Maul B. Rawlings John Harris
 
−
Benjamin (Rufred?) John Lyre John Andrews Daniel Butter Thomas Carneal James Ferguson
 
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Thomas T. Bates Archibald Pleasant Joseph Woodson David Bullock Matthew Woodson Josiah Woodson
 
−
Joseph A. Myers Hugh French Thomas Wafford William McKee William Hughes Thomas Harrison
 
−
Reuben Harrison John Welch Joseph Mitter Andrew Muirhead Stephen Ruddill John Claypott
 
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James Wright Ferdinand Lair Frederick Honaker Michael Bachar Richard Hughes Paul Kauster
 
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George Wills Jacob Chauster William Bryan Cornelius Bryan Morgan Bryan Abner Wiseman
 
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John Bryan Jarold Wiseman Joseph Lair William Gray Michael Waring Robert Harrison
 
−
Andrew Thaklin Robert Rutherford Elliot Rutherford Archer Rutherford William Dunnavan Joseph Domey
 
−
(Thelin?) Sheltman James Brown Gordon Rogers Josiah Shipman Jr. J. Shipman Sr. James Spinks
 
−
Peter Kelly John Deaning Enos (Dorinis?) John Stephen Jacob Myer Josiah Moore
 
−
John Ferguson Samuel Myer George Murray John J. Woodick B. Tilden Hugh Kennedy
 
−
(Row obscured) Hezekiah (Bonkon?)
 
−
James Moore George (Hir?) John Robertson Reuben Moore John Hickman Jessie Veach
 
−
Nicholas Walder Shepherd Collins Samuel Weeks John Weeks Samuel Jenkins Michael Humble
 
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George Wymer Charles Bodkin Enos Tail John Hickman James Samuel Wright Reason Benton
 
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Joseph Pinnell James Pinnell Benjamin Pinnell William Pinnell Daniel Field Hercules Hawkins
 
−
Joseph Porter William Gains Richard Parks Byron Mcgreath John Thornhill John Hartford
 
−
Benjamin Wall William Wright John Hutt Thomas Benton James Robertson James Haughter
 
−
Reuben Finnell William Keyes David Robinson Peter Harrison Thomas Maddox Daniel Carrole
 
−
James Moore S.D. Haricman Eskridge Hall Reuben Hrother William Thomas Edward Teffin
 
−
Carr Waller Lawrence Manfield John Stevens David Richardson Jr. John West Richard Johnson
 
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John Parrish John Dickerson George Arnold Edward T. Rowgee Richard Pope William Armistead
 
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William Ratcliff Manfield B. Wood John Saunders John Roper John Gadbury John Hackaday
 
−
William Shelburn Richard Rix Edmond Cole Thomas Cowler Henry Cowler William Williamson
 
−
Lewellin Spencer Benjamin Brown William Ellis John Pierce Walter Hopkins John Christian
 
−
William Weathers Jade Williams Emward Wilkinson James Hill Francis Lennard Robert Drake
 
−
Charles Talley Thomas Crenshaw William Clayton William Stabler Joseph Beale Stephen Wilson
 
−
Samuel Gover William Mitchener Joseph Smith Francis Hague Isaac Harris Benjamin Willett
 
−
(Barenil?) Hough Samuel Murray Joseph Jenny Mahlon Jenny Samuel Haugh Isaac Moore
 
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Thomas Moore Isaac Thompson William Barnes Thomas Mason John Hirsh John Schooley
 
−
Joseph Fisher George Gregg Isaac Siddal John Hough William Hough Benjami Hereford
 
−
(Obscured)
 
−
Ratikin Joseph Talbot Thomas Smith John Hollingsworth Joseph Wood Francis Hereford
 
−
(Obscured) Canby Jonas Potts Samuel Thompson William Aniby Nathaniel Stephens John Littlejohn
 
−
(Obscured) Cavian James Hamilton Samuel Donahue Livan Powell William Hartshorn, Abraham Gilpin Benjamin (Shreve?)
 
  
−
 
+
[[Category: Letters and Papers]]
−
John Davenport John Tuner Edward Tiffin Thornton Fleming John Steed Anthony Hall
+
[[Category: Slavery]]
−
Samuel B. Harris Elijah Phelps James Lee Robert Carter William Hite Joseph Hite
 
−
Thomas Ocean Jh. Granthan Henry Smith Robert Lowe George Bruce James Wall
 
−
Charles Hewlit John Bond George Reed Thomas Taylor (Meneios?) Ellis Samuel Smith
 
−
Joseph Dobby James Daveion (Obscured) Frum Abner Golet Josiah P. Clutter James Crumbley
 
−
Goerge Hite James Laurence Peter McMahon Aaron Dolby Joseph Fletcher John Knott
 
−
Lewis Duckwell James Law William Ambrose Nicholas Stovin John Fennis Joseph Duckwell
 
−
Philip Clover Thomas Halladay Michel Gray Frederick Duckwell Charles Robinson John Barlaw
 
−
Ambrose Clark Stephen Harlin (Gn.?) Bailey John Butter William Mereir John Dougherty
 
−
James Hedges Jessie Harlan Joshua Hodges John Hite Joseph Hedges John Vinsanheller
 
−
Thomas Hale Benjamin (Boydston?) John Welsh Jr. Samuel J. Welsh Joseph Fohman Thomas Boydston
 
−
Presley Boydston Ralph Potter Lindsey Marshall Michael Porter Richard Swift Joseph Stone
 
−
Alexander Lenierr Baid Cross William Lemon Thomas Curry John Franklin Joseph Franklin
 
−
Joseph Franklin Jr. Hezekiah Stephens John Murphy Solomon Chaffis Jacob Fletcher Thomas Perkin
 
−
Enoch Martin Nathaniel Mulliner George Manual Joseph Gee Solomon Chalsen Christian Bloom
 
−
Benjamin Welsh Edward Frojatt? James Hood Jonas Hodges Jr. Abel Walker John Antrein
 
−
(?Joseph) Hare Evan Rogers Jonathon Wright James Mendenhall Nathaniel White Sr. William McPherson
 
−
William Heil Richard Ridgeway Edward Beeson Abraham Branson David Ross Daniel Brown
 
−
Moses? Harlan Joseph Smith Nathaniel White Jr. Joseph Bond Nathan Haines Samuel Finish
 
−
James Baley John Cowgill William Supton Isaac Brown Stephen McBride Lewis Walker
 
−
Robert Haines John Ellis John Witt Robert Pleasants James Lownes
 
−
Robert Evans Samuel Pleasants James Wood
 

Latest revision as of 08:43, 16 November 2022

Petition, page one.

A petition by "sundry inhabitants" of Virginia, presented to the House of Delegates in Richmond, Virginia on November 16, 1795, declaring the evils of the institution of slavery.[1] Not going so far as to demand immediate emancipation, the petitioners request a law be passed restricting "inhuman treatment" of slaves, and guaranteeing the freedom of children born to slaves after the law is enacted.[2]

The reading of the petition before the Virginia legislature was recorded in the House Journal:

A petition of sundry inhabitants of various parts of this state, whose names are thereunto subscribed, was presented and read, setting forth, that they consider slavery not only a moral but a political evil, which in all its forms, and degrees, is an outrageous violation and odious degradation of man, tending to weaken the bands [sic] of society, and endanger the peace and obstruct the prosperity of the country; and praying that an act may pass to ameliorate the present condition of slaves, and give freedom to such as shall be born after the passing of the said act.

Ordered, That the said petition be referred to a committee of the whole House, on the 31st day of March next.[3]

There are 393 petitioners named, including John Marshall, William DuVal, and George Wythe. The list is all in one handwriting without individual signatures, and the preserved petition displayed here may be a copy. There was no result recorded with the Virginia legislature from this petition, and no action taken.[4]

Text of the petition, 16 November 1795

Page 1

To The Speaker and House of Delegates in Virginia.
The Petition of sundry Inhabitants of various parts of this State.

Respectfully Sheweth.

That your petitioners, from a full conviction that slavery is not only a moral but a political evil, which in all its forms, in all its degrees, is an outrageous violation and an odious degradation of human nature, tending to weaken the bonds of society, discourage trades and manufactures, indanger the peace and obstruct the prosperity of the country. And commiserating the unhappy situation of a large proportion of people within this state who by the Laws now in force, are held as personal property and they and their innocent offspring liable to be kept in perpetual bondage and ignorance, subject to the arbitrary will of those who hold them, as well in respect to inhuman treatment, as in unnatural separation from the most near and dear connections in life without appeal and without redress. They therefore conceive themselves in duty bound to remind this House as the proper guardians of every description of men within the State of a subject so interesting, and which appears to them in a particular manner, to call the attention and require the interposition of the Legislature.

Your Petitioners regret that several States within the American Union where these unalienable rights of human nature to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness have been so clearly defined and successfully assured, should in contradiction thereto and contrary to the divine command of, "doing to others as they would they should do unto them," suffer under sanction of Law so large a number of fellow men to remain in a state of abject slavery; at a time too, when the burning spirit of liberty seems to be diffusing itself through the world.

Crop from page two of the petition, with "Geo. Wythe" as the second name to appear.

Your Petitioners are aware of the objections that probably would arise to a general and immediate Emancipation, as well from interested motives, as the unfitness of individuals for freedom: They are not insensible that a people long destitute of the means of mental improvement may in some instances be sunk below the common standard of human nature; accustomed to move at the will of a master or overseer, reflection may in some degree be suspended and reason and conviction have but little influence on their conduct; They are also sensible to the effect of custom, and the prejudices arising from a habit of looking upon the African race as an inferior species of mankind, and regarding them only as property. Believing nevertheless that, "God is no respecter of persons," that he "hath made of one blood all Nations of men, for to dwell on all the face of the Earth," and that, "his mercies are over all his works;" Encouraged also by that gracious declaration of our Saviour as an excitement to acts of humanity and benevolence, Vizt. "Verily I say unto you inasmuch as ye have done it unto the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me." Your Petitioner therefore in discharge of the duty they owe to the merciful Father of all the families of the Earth; compassion for the sufferers; and a desire to promote the true interest and prosperity of the Country; and also to remove as much as may be the objections which may arise from motives of present interest or the unfitness of individuals for freedom, and at the same time gradually abolish an evil of great magnitude: They humbly propose, and pray that a law may be [passed] declaring the children of Slaves now born or to be born after the passing of such an Act, to be made free, as they [come to proper]

Page 2

ages to [enjoy] their instruction to Read &c. and to invest them with suitable privileges as an excitement to become useful citizens; and also to restrain the holders from inhuman treatment of those who may remain in Bondage. Or that the House may grant such other relief as in its wisdom may seem meet.

David Meade
Geo. Wythe
Edmund Jones
John Cringan
Robert Turnbull
William Richardson
Samuel Couch
Augustine Davis
Joseph Harding
Benja. [Rufred?]
Thos. T. Bates
Joseph A. Myers
Reuben Harrison
James Wright
George Wills
John Bryan
Andrew Thaklin
[Thelin?] Sheltman
Peter Kelly
John Ferguson
[Obscured]
Jas. Moore
Nicholas Walder
George Wymer
Joseph Pinnell
Joseph Porter
Benja. Wall
Reuben Finnell
James Moore
Carr Waller
John Parrish
Wm. Ratcliff
Wm. Shelburn
Lewellin Spencer
Wm. Weathers
Charles Talley
Saml. Gover
[Barenil?] Hough
Thomas Moore
Joseph Fisher
[Obscured] Ratikin
[Obscured] Canby
[Obscured] Cavan

John Harvie
Charles W. Byrd
John Pleasant
John Carew Jur.
John McClurg
Frederick Argyle
J. Darmdale
J. Heron
Thos. Barnett
John Lyre
Archd. Pleasant
Hugh French
John Welch
Ferdinand Lair
Jacob Chauster
Jarold Wiseman
Robt. Rutherford
James Brown
John Deaning
Saml. Myer
[Obscured]
George [Hir?]
Shepherd Collins
Charles Bodkin
James Pinnell
William Gains
William Wright
Wm. Keyes
S.D. Haricman
Lawrence Manfield
John Dickerson
Manfield B. Wood
Richard Rix
Benja. Brown
Jade Williams
Thoj. Crenshaw
Wm. Mitchener
Saml. Murray
Isaac Thompson
George Gregg
Joseph Talbot
Jonas Potts
James Hamilton

James Warrington
William DuVal
John Stagg
Geo. Clopton
John Stewart
Robert McCartney
J. Pryor
Wm. Fontaine
Hale Sharp
John Andrews
Joseph Woodson
Thomas Wafford
Joseph Mitter
Frederick Honaker
Wm. Bryan
Joseph Lair
Elliot Rutherford
Gordon Rogers
Enos [Dorinis?]
George Murray
Lewis Stephens
John Robertson
Samuel Weeks
Enos Tail
Benja. Pinnell
Richard Parks
John Hutt
David Robinson
Eskridge Hall
John Stevens
George Arnold
John Saunders
Edmond Cole
Wm. Ellis
Edward Wilkinson
Willm. Clayton
Joseph Smith
Joseph Jenny
Wm. Barnes
Isaac Siddal
Thomas Smith
Samuel Thompson
Saml. Donahue

Jams. Tyler
Anthy. Singleton
Robt. Pleasants Jur.
John Marshall
William Dabney
Jackson Frayser
Saml. Parsons
Alexr. Buchanan
Ebenezar Maul
Daniel Butter
David Bullock
Wm. McKee
Andrew Muirhead
Michael Bachar
Cornelius Bryan
William Gray
Archer Rutherford
Josiah Shipman Jur.
John Stephen
John J. Woodcock
Lewis Stephens Jur.
Reuben Moore
John Weeks
John Hickman
Willm. Pinnell
Byron Mcgreath
Thomas Benton
Peter Harrison
Reuben Hrother
David Richardson Jr.
Edward T. Rowgee
John Roper
Thos. Cowler
John Pierce
James Hill
Wm. Stabler
Francis Hague
Mahlon Jenny
Thomas Mason
John Hough
John Hollingsworth
Wm. Aniby
Seven Powell  Wm. Hartshorn

Alexander Campbell
Henry Heth
James Binford
Benja. Lewis
William Lawrence
Joseph Butter
Thos. Nicholson[5]
Adam Craig
B. Rawlings
Thomas Carneal
Matthew Woodson
Wm. Hughes
Stephen Ruddill
Richd. Hughes
Morgan Bryan
Michael Waring
William Dunnavan
J. Shipman Senr.
Jacob Myer
B. Selden
John [Bates?]
John Hickman
Saml. Jenkins
Jas. Saml. Wright
Danl. Field
John Thornhill
James Robertson
Thos. Maddox
Wm. Thomas
John West
Richard Pope
John Gadbury
Henry Cowler
Walter Hopkins
Francis Lennard
Joseph Beale
Isaac Harris
Saml. Haugh
John Hirsh
Wm. Hough
Joseph Wood
Nathaniel Stephens
Abraham Gilpin

John Barrit
Isaac Younghusband
Chas. Copland
[Lain?] J Johnson
Ro. Gambler
John Butter
Wm. Carter [Sr.?]
Robt. Langley
John Harris
James Ferguson
Josiah Woodson
Thomas Harrison
John Claypott
Paul Kauster
Abner Wiseman
Robt. Harrison
Joh. Domey
James Spinks
Josiah Moore
Hugh Kennedy
Hezekiah Bonham
Jessie Veach
Michael Humble
Reason Benton
Hercules Hawkins
John Hartford
Jas. Haughter
Daniel Carrole
Edward Teffin
Richd. Johnson
Wm. Armistead
John Hackaday
Wm. Williamson
John Christian
Robt. Drake
Stephen Wilson
Benja. Willett
Isaac Moore
John Schooley
Benja. [Has?]
Francis Hereford
John Littlejohn
Benja. [Shreve?]

Page 3

Sundry Persons
Nov. 16th
1795
To whole on 31st [March?]

Page 4

John Davenport
Saml. B. Harris
Thos. Ocean
Charles Hewlit
Jos. Dobby
Geo. Hite
Lewis Duckwell
Philip Clover
Ambrose Clark
James Hedges
Thomas Hale
Presley Boydston
Alexr. Lenierr
Jo. Franklin Jr.
Enoch Martin
Benja. Welsh
Jas. [Sture?]
Wm. Heil
Moses Harlan
James Baley
Richard Barrett
Robt. Haines
Robt. Evans

John Turner
Elijah Phelps
Jho. Granthan
John Bond
James Daveion
James Laurence
James Law
Thos. Halladay
Stephen Harlin
Jessie Harlan
Benja. [Boydston?]
Ralph Potter
Baid Cross
Hezekiah Stephens
Nathl. Mulliner
Edwd. Frojatt?
Evan Rogers
Richd. Ridgeway
Joseph Smith
John Cowgill
Isaac[?] Smith
John Ellis
Samuel Pleasants[6]

Edward Tiffin
James Lee
Henry Smith
Geo. Reed
[Obscured] Frum
Peter McMahon
Wm. Ambrose
Michel Gray
J[? no]. Bailey
Joshua Hodges
John Welsh Jr.
Lindsey Marshall
Wm. Lemon
John Murphy
George Manual
James Hood
Jonathon Wright
Edward Beeson
Nathal. White Jr.
Wm. Supton
David [Faulhaus?]
John Witt
James Wood

Thornton Fleming
Robert Carter
Robert Lowe
Thos. Taylor
Abner Golet
Aaron Dolby
Nicholas Stovin
Fredk. Duckwell
John Butter
John Hite
Saml. J. Welsh
Michael Porter
Thos. Curry
Solomon Chaffis
Joseph Gee
Jonas Hodges Jur.
Jas. Mendenhall
Abraham Branson
Joseph Bond
Isaac Brown
Saml.[Lupton?]
Robert Pleasants

John Steed
William Hite
Geo. Bruce
[Meneios?] Ellis
Jos. P. Clutter
Jos. Fletcher
John Fennis
Charles Robinson
Wm. Mereir
Joseph Hedges
Joseph Fohman
Richd. Swift
John Franklin
Jacob Fletcher
Solomon Chalsen
Abel Walker
Nathl. White Sr.
David Ross
Nathan Haines
Stephen McBride
John Mc. [Harrison?]
James Lownes

Anthony Hall
Joseph Hite
James Wall
Saml. Smith
James Crumbley
John Knott
Joseph Duckwell
John Barlaw
John Dougherty
John Vinsanheller
Thos. Boydston
Joseph Stone
Jo. Franklin
Thos. Perkin
Christian Bloom
John Antrein
Wm. Mc. Phirson
Danl. Brown
Saml. Finish
Lewis Walker
Joseph [Seer?] Jur

See also

References

  1. ↑ "An Act to ameliorate the present condition of slaves, and give freedom to those born after the passing of the act." Library of Virginia, Legislative Petitions microfilm, Reel 233, Box 294, Folder 5.
  2. ↑ The text of this petition was first recorded in "Antislavery Petitions Presented to the Virginia Legislature by Citizens of Various Counties," Journal of Negro History 12, no. 4 (October, 1927), 671-73.
  3. ↑ Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Begun and Held at the Capitol, in the City of Richmond, on Tuesday, the Tenth Day of November, One Thousand Seven Hundred and Ninety-Five, (Richmond, VA: Augustine Davis, 1795), 15. Augustine Davis, printer for the state, is named in the petition.
  4. ↑ "Petition 11679501 Details," Race and Slavery Petitions Project, University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
  5. ↑ Possibly the Richmond printer Thomas Nicolson, who published Wythe's Reports, in 1795.
  6. ↑ Samuel Pleasants (d. 1814), printer, bookseller, and editor of the Virginia Argus newspaper in Richmond.

External links

Retrieved from "http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Anti-Slavery_Petition_of_1795&oldid=72968"