Difference between revisions of "Notes on the State of Virginia"

Revision as of 20:16, 20 June 2015

by Thomas Jefferson

Notes on the State of Virginia
Title page from Notes on the State of Virginia, George Wythe Collection, Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary.
Author	Thomas Jefferson
Editor
Translator
Published	New-York: Printed by M. L. & W. A. Davis.--For Furman & Loudon, opposite the City-Hall
Date	1801
Edition	Third American
Language	English
Volumes	volume set
Pages	392
Desc.	8vo. (22 cm.)
Location	[[Shelf {{{shelf}}}]]
	[[Shelf {{{shelf2}}}]]

Frontispiece.

Jefferson sent his answers to Marbois in 1781, but he continued to expand upon his responses for several more years.^[3] Aside from Jefferson’s desire to put his thoughts about his home state in writing and answer Marbois’ questions, his motivation was to dispel the theories of the Comte de Buffon and Guillaume Raynal,^[4] French thinkers who wrote about the degeneracy of animal and intellectual life in America.^[5] Jefferson’s Notes is full of optimism regarding the future of the country and the potential for its industries.^[6] However, the work is not devoid of criticism or misgivings, for Jefferson worried about slavery, the government of his home state, and American society in general.^[7] He was particularly concerned that Americans would become overly dependent on the manufacturing sector, a trend he noticed in Europe and sought to avoid.^[8]

In 1785, Jefferson published 200 copies of Notes on the State of Virginia in Paris at his own expense.^[9] Of these, he sent 10 to some of his close friends in Virginia, including George Wythe, and an additional 37 copies for "such young gentlemen of the college [William & Mary] as Mr. Wythe from time to time shall think proper."^[10] Some posited that Jefferson did not initially widely distribute his work because he feared repercussion for his candid thoughts.^[11] For this reason, he only wanted it dread by his close friends and enlightened students at William & Mary.^[12] In 1787, Jefferson allowed the publication of an expanded version for the general public.^[13]

Touching on a wide range of topics, Notes on the State of Virginia reflects Jefferson’s broad range of knowledge and interests^[14]. Jefferson discusses topography, geology, biography, law, government, commerce, culture, scholarship, military, religion, and history.^[15] For example, Jefferson contemplates why marine fossils exist at high elevations, the continent from which American natives originated, and what type of animal produced the tusks and over-sized molars found on the Ohio River.^[16] In discussing theories, Jefferson acknowledged that "[i]gnorance is preferable to error; and he is less remote from truth who believes nothing, than he who believes what is wrong."^[17] The manner in which Jefferson reasons is consistent with his belief that "science and the scientific method held the keys to learning and education in the broadest sense."^[18] It was this worldview that enabled Jefferson to produce a book, "unpretentious in form and statistical in character."^[19]

Illustration of the Natural Bridge.

Although Jefferson was ahead of his era in some respects, he did not share the same forward-thinking with regards to slavery. Although he wanted to declare slaves free and independent, he did not want them to co-exist with whites.^[20] Instead, he wanted to colonize them in a different location.^[21] Jefferson viewed African slaves as racially inferior to whites, and Notes outlines the differences he perceived in physical ability, intellect, and anatomy.^[22] At times, he compares them to domesticated animals.^[23]

Jefferson’s Notes came at a time of change in Jefferson’s life, as he published them shortly after his wife died and before he resumed his public career.^[24] Notes reflects "Jefferson’s hopes and fears for the ultimate outcome of the American War of Independence."^[25] In addition, the work "laid the foundations of Jefferson’s high contemporary reputation as a universal scholar and of his present fame as a pioneer American scientist."^[26]

Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library

Wythe definitely owned the first edition of this title published in Paris in 1784. Thomas Jefferson sent Wythe a personal copy of Notes on the State of Virginia, as well as 9 copies for other Virginians and 37 copies "for such young gentlemen of the college as mr. Wythe from time to time shall think proper."^[27] These copies accompanied the letter Jefferson wrote on September 16, 1787. The title is also listed in the Jefferson Inventory of Wythe's Library as "Notes on Virginia. 8vo. 2.copies." This was one of the titles kept by Jefferson. He may have sold one of Wythe's copies to the Library of Congress in 1815. Jefferson did sell a copy of the original edition of Notes on the State of Virginia to the Library of Congress, and that copy still exists today. However, it has no definitive markings linking it to Wythe, and may have been one of Jefferson's personal copies.^[28] George Wythe's Library^[29] on LibraryThing includes the copy at the Library of Congress, and also a copy at the William H. Scheide Library of Princeton University which James Breckenridge presented to Wythe. Both LibraryThing and the Brown Bibliography^[30] include copies Wythe presented to others: the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Library at Colonial Williamsburg owns a copy inscribed "The Gift of the Honbl. George Wythe To Upton Beall May 10th 1787. Virginia & Maryland," and The Virginia Historical Society owns a copy inscribed "The Hon. G. Wythe esquire to Benjamin Harrison Jr." The Dean Bibliography also included Notes on the State of Virginia based on Jefferson's 1787 letter to Wythe.

Inscription, front fly-leaf.

Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy

The Wolf Law Library's copy of the third American edition of Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia is bound in contemporary full calf; the spine features a red morocco label with gilt lettering. Signed "Henry O. Newcomb, 1834, No.9" on the front fly-leaf and "Job Goodale" on the title page. Gift of John R. King.

References

1. ↑ Massachusetts Historical Society, "Notes on the State of Virginia (manuscript)," accessed October 16, 2014.
2. ↑ Ibid.
3. ↑ Ibid.
4. ↑ Dumas Malone, "Thomas Jefferson," Dictionary of American Biography, ed. by Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 5, pt.2:21.
5. ↑ Ibid.
6. ↑ Ibid.
7. ↑ Ibid.
8. ↑ P. S. Onuf, "Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed October 16, 2014.
9. ↑ Massachusetts Historical Society, Notes on the State of Virginia, accessed October 16, 2014.
10. ↑ Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 16 September 1787.
11. ↑ Onuf, "Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826)."
12. ↑ Ibid.
13. ↑ Massachusetts Historical Society, "Notes on the State of Virginia (manuscript)."
14. ↑ Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (Richmond, Va.: J.W. Randolph, 1853).
15. ↑ Ibid.
16. ↑ Ibid.
17. ↑ Ibid., 33.
18. ↑ Library of Congress, "Thomas Jefferson: Creating a Virginia Republic," accessed October 16, 2014.
19. ↑ Malone, "Thomas Jefferson."
20. ↑ Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 155.
21. ↑ Ibid., 148-49.
22. ↑ Ibid., 148-55.
23. ↑ Ibid., 150.
24. ↑ Onuf, "Jefferson, Thomas."
25. ↑ Ibid.
26. ↑ Malone, "Thomas Jefferson."
27. ↑ Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 16 September 1787.
28. ↑ E. Millicent Sowerby, Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, 2nd ed. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), 4:301-330 [no.4167].
29. ↑ LibraryThing, s.v. "Member: George Wythe," accessed on January 30, 2015.
30. ↑ Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012, rev. May, 2014) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.