View source for Aristophanis Comoediae (1783)

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===by Aristophanes===
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}}[[wikipedia:Aristophanes|Aristophanes]] (c.450/460-385 BCE) was a celebrated poet, satirist, and comic playwright who lived in ancient Athens during the latter half its [[wikipedia:Fifth-century Athens|Golden Age]] and the commencement of the [[wikipedia:Peloponnesian War|Peloponnesian War]].<ref>Alan Sommerstein, [http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/wileyenanh/aristophanes/0 “Aristophanes,”] ''The Encyclopedia of Ancient History'' (Hoboken: Wiley, 2012), accessed March 24, 2015.</ref> Little is known about Aristophanes’s life except from what is written in his plays and from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato Plato’s] dialogs which make reference to him.<ref>Aliprandini, Michael. "Aristophanes." Aristophanes (January 2009): 1. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed May 29, 2015).</ref> From Aristophane's play ''Clouds'', it is inferred that he was born in the township of Cydathenaeum near Athens around 450 B.C. at a time when [[wikipedia:Pericles|Pericles]] was expanding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens Athens] from a [[wikipedia:Polis|polis]] into an empire.<ref>Spatz, Lois. Aristophanes’ Comedy and the World of Athens. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1978, 15-16.</ref> In [[wikipedia:Symposium_%28Plato%29|''The Symposium'']], Plato features  Aristophanes as one of many famous guests who gather at the home of [[wikipedia:Agathon|Agathon]] the poet. He is portrayed as a jokester who is hung over from the previous evening and delights other guests with his sharp wit as well as his hiccups and sneezes.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Yet it is clear that Plato held Aristophanes in high esteem. When [[wikipedia:Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse|Dionysius]], the tyrant of Syracuse asked Plato for information regarding the culture and political institutions of Athens, Plato is said to have sent him Aristophanes's comedies.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Aristophanes is believed to have come from a wealthy family and to have raised three children, all of whom were to become comic poets themselves and direct their father's plays.<ref>Aliprandini, ''Aristophanes.''</ref> His work also suggests that Aristophanes was a conservative, as were many of his contemporaries during the Athenian Golden Age.<ref>Spatz, ''Aristophanes’ Comedy.''</ref> Among the frequent targets of Aristophane's satire and criticism included [[wikipedia:Socrates|Socrates]], whom he considered to be a sophist, and the military leader and politician [[wikipedia:Cleon|Cleon]], whom he dubbed a warmonger and demagogue.<ref>Aliprandini, ''Aristophanes.'',</ref> Although Cleon was never explicitly named in any of Aristophane's plays, the unmistakable allusions led Cleon to bring an unsuccessful lawsuit against him. Aristophanes retired to the Athenian island of Aeginus towards the end of his life and died there in 380 BC.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Eleven of the forty plays attributed to Aristophanes exist today. The surviving comedies are: [[wikipedia:The_Acharnians|''The Acharnians'']] (425 BC), [[wikipedia:The_Knights|''The Knights'']] (424 BC), [[wikipedia:The_Clouds|''The Clouds'']] (419 BC - 416 BC), [[wikipedia:The_Wasps|''The Wasps'']] (422 BC), [[wikipedia:Peace_(play)|''Peace'']] (421 BC), [[wikipedia:The_Birds_(play)|''The Birds'']] (414 BC), [[wikipedia:Lysistrata|''Lysistrata'']] (411 BC), [[wikipedia:Thesmophoriazusae|''Thesmophoriazusae'']] (411 BC), [[wikipedia:The_Frogs|''The Frogs'']] (405 BC), [[wikipedia:Assemblywomen|''Ecclesiazusae'']] (392 BC), and [[wikipedia:Plutus_(play)|''Wealth'']] (388 BC). Nine of Aristophane's plays were written during the Peloponnesian War and their plots are grounded in the real battles and political strife that took place between Aristophanes's beloved Athens and its oligarchic rival, Sparta. His comedies were written to enter into competition at one of the two great Athenian theatrical festivals, the [[wikipedia:Dionysia|Dionysia]] and the [[wikipedia:Lenaia| Lenaia]]. As such, they followed a standard format used for all comedies: prologue, [[wikipedia:Parodos|parodos]] (the entrance of the actors), agon (the contest, conflict, or debate), [[wikipedia:Parabasis|parabasis]] (a speech in song performed by the chorus), episodes (the narrative), agon II, parabasis II, and the exodos.<ref>Russo, Carlo Ferdinando. ''Aristophanes : An Author for the Stage.'' London: Routledge, 2002, 5. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed May 29, 2015).</ref> Unlike the popular tragedies that were featured at the time, the plots of Aristophanes's comedies were not based on mythology.<ref>Aliprandini, ''Aristophanes.''</ref> In most of his plays, a male hero is the subject of an extravagant and often illogical plot related to themes such as the decline of Athens, the naivety of the populous, and the perils of democracy.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Aristophanes Gr. Lat. 6.v. 8vo." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to his grandson [[Thomas Jefferson Randolph]]. The [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012, rev. May, 2014) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> suggests that Wythe's copy matched the one Jefferson sold to the Library of Congress in 1815.<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', (Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress, 1952-1959), 4:548-549 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015033648125&view=1up&seq=570 [no.4575]]. Jefferson's entry for his 1815 catalog is similar to the one in the inventory of Wythe's books, but includes vital information the Wythe entry lacks, "Aristophanes. Gr. Lat. Brunck. 6. v. 8<sup>vo</sup>. Argentorati. 1783."</ref> According to Sowerby, Jefferson's octavo edition consisted of six volumes edited by Richard François Philippe Brunck &mdash; a three volume Greek set with Latin notes<ref>Aristophanes, ''Aristophanis Comoediae'', edited by Richard François Philippe Brunch (Argentorati: Sumptibus Joh. Georgii Treuttel, bibliopolae, 1783).</ref> and a three volume Latin set.<ref>Aristophanes, ''Aristophanis Comoediae in Latinum Sermonem Conversae'', edited by Richard François Philippe Brunch (Argentorati: Apud socios bibliopolas Bauer & Treuttel, 1781.)</ref> Unfortunately, neither Jefferson's copy nor Wythe's copy survive to verify which edition Wythe owned. [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s.v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on November 19, 2021.</ref> on LibraryThing simply lists the three volume 1783 Greek set edited by Brunck.

==See also==
*''[[Aristophanis Comoediae]]''
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*[[Wythe's Library]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Aristophanes]]
[[Category:Greek Literature]]
[[Category:Thomas Jefferson Randolph's Books]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]