View source for Wythe's Lost Papers

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'''Timeline for Wythe's Papers'''
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;[[#1776|1776]]
* Thomas Jefferson gives a draft of his proposed Constitution for Virginia to George Wythe in Philadelphia, which Wythe conveys to the Virginia Convention in Williamsburg.
* Jefferson sends draft copies of the [[Declaration of Independence]] to George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Philip Mazzei, John Page, Sr., and Edmund Pendleton.
;[[#1806|1806]]
* Wythe dies in Richmond, Virginia.
* Major William DuVal loans some (or all) of Wythe's papers to Thomas Ritchie.
* Ritchie publishes Wythe's copies of Jefferson's manuscript drafts of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Constitution.
;[[#1807|1807]]
* Ritchie writes to Governor Cabell that he is returning Wythe's "valuable papers" for deposit in "the archives of the Council."
;[[#1810|1810]]
* Governor Tyler writes to inform Jefferson that Ritchie still has Wythe's manuscript lecture notes, and that Judge Spencer Roane has read them.
;[[#< 1817|< 1817]]
* William Wirt states that he saw Jefferson's draft for the Virginia Constitution in the "archive of this state."
;[[#1829|1829]]
* B.W. Leigh says that he has seen a Jefferson draft for the state constitution in the Virginia council chamber, but that it "cannot now be found."
;[[#1834|1834]]
* John Page, Jr., donates Wythe's [[Etymological Praxis|notebook of Greek and Latin words from the ''Iliad'']] to the Virginia Historical Society.
;[[#1890|1890]]
* Worthington C. Ford describes two recently discovered manuscript drafts of the Virginia Constitution.
* Cassius F. Lee, Jr., exhibits a photograph of a Jefferson draft for the state constitution at the Virginia Historical Society in Richmond.
;< 1892
* Lee sells Jefferson's third draft of the Virginia Constitution to an unnamed woman, through William Evarts Benjamin.
* Lee sells Jefferson's second draft of the Virginia Constitution to Benjamin.
* Lee sells a Jefferson draft of the Declaration of Independence to Elliot Danforth, of New York.
;[[#1892|1892]]
* Cassius F. Lee, Jr., dies in Alexandria.
;< 1894
* Benjamin sells the third draft of the Virginia Constitution to Alexander Maitland.
;[[#1894|1894]]
* Maitland donates the constitution to the Lenox Library, in New York City.
;1895
* The New York Public library is created from the Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.
;< 1896
* Danforth sells the Declaration to Dr. Thomas A. Emmet, of New York.
;[[#1894|1896]]
* Emmet's collection is donated to the New York Public Library.
;[[#1950|1930]]
* Benjamin donates Jefferson's second draft of the Virginia Constitution to the Library of Congress.
|}
Before his death in June, 1806, [[George Wythe]] made no special instruction as to what should become of his personal papers and correspondence (if indeed he kept any). His [[Last Will and Testament|last will and testament]], dated April 20, 1803 (with later codicils), name his friend and neighbor [[William DuVal]] as executor, with allowances for his servants Lydia Broadnax and Michael Brown. He gives "[[Thomas Jefferson]] my silver cups and gold headed cane, and to my friend William Duval my silver ladle and table and teaspoons." To Thomas Jefferson he also wills "my books and small philosophical apparatus... the most valuable to him of any thing which i have power to bestow."<ref>George Wythe, [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib016255  Last Will and Testament with Codicil], June 11, 1806, Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1, General Correspondence, 1651-1827, Library of Congress.</ref>

No great cache of papers or correspondence appeared after Wythe's death, though Jefferson says (or assumes) that there were papers.<ref>[[Jefferson-Tyler Correspondence|Jefferson to Governor John Tyler, Sr.]], November 25, 1810.</ref> Wythe's [[Etymological Praxis|notebook of Greek vocabulary]] from the ''Iliad'' ended up in the possession of John Page, Sr. (though when exactly this exchange took place is unclear). Wythe's lectures from time as Professor of Law & Police at the College of William & Mary survived in manuscript, as well as drafts of the proposed Constitution for Virginia, and Declaration of Independence, which Jefferson had given Wythe in 1776. These drafts were transcribed and printed shortly after Wythe's death in Thomas Ritchie's [[Richmond Enquirer, 20 June 1806|Richmond ''Enquirer'']]. DuVal loaned the documents to Ritchie for publication, along with Wythe's lecture notes from his time as professor of law. Ritchie wrote to Governor William Cabell in 1807, returning "valuable papers," presumably the  Jefferson manuscripts.<ref>H.W. Flournoy, ed., ''Calendar of Virginia State Papers,'' vol. 9 (Richmond, VA: 1890), 511.</ref>

Governor John Tyler, Sr., however, wrote to Jefferson in 1810, to say that Ritchie was still in possession of Wythe's lectures. Jefferson politely refused to take possession of the manuscript, though he seemed surprised that Wythe had not destroyed the notes, "as I expect he has done a very great number of instructive arguments delivered at the bar, and often written at full length." His instructions were that the notes should "go, with his other papers to his executor," Major DuVal. Judge Spencer Roane, Wythe's former student, is suggested as one who could "send them to posterity," but this is the last time mention of the lecture notes appear.

[[File:DeclarationOfIndependenceNewYorkPublicLibraryDraftP1.jpg|thumb|left|350px|First page of [[Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson's]] "third draft" of the Declaration of Independence. Image courtesy of the [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?psnypl_mss_1228 New York Public Library].]]
Wythe's manuscript copies of the Virginia Constitution and Declaration of Independence later came into the possession of Cassius Francis Lee, Jr., Esq. (1844&ndash;1892),<ref>Not to be confused with his father, Cassius F. Lee, Sr. (1808 &ndash; 1890), also a lawyer. Edmund Jennings Lee, ''Lee of Virginia, 1642-1892: Biographical and Genealogical Sketches of the Descendents of Colonel Richard Lee,'' (Philadelphia: Franklin Printing Co., 1895), 474.</ref> of Alexandria, Virginia, in the late nineteenth century, although how Lee obtained them is unclear. In his preface to ''Lee of Virginia, 1642-1892,'' Edmund Jennings Lee says of his brother, Cassius:

<blockquote>"From his earliest boyhood the late Cassius F. Lee, Jr., evinced a passion for genealogical research, and during the many years he continued his investigations he had collected a large amount of original data, consisting of letters, wills, deeds, and such like records. in 1870, with the assistance of Mr. Joseph Packard, Jr., of Baltimore, he published in the ''New England Genealogical and Historical Register'' a brief 'Record of the Descendants of Colonel Richard Lee of Virginia.' This publication was merely tentative, with the hope of procuring additional information that would enable him to compile a complete family history at a later date. In this hope he was disappointed; little or no data were obtained. But Mr. Lee continued his personal efforts, and had secured considerable additions to his collection, when his untimely decease ended his work."<ref>Lee, ''Lee of Virginia,'' 3.</ref><ref>These sentiments are reiterated in a footnote to a letter Cassius Lee wrote to Jefferson Davis on July 18, 1888 (printed in Dunbar Rowland, [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015043496283?urlappend=%3Bseq=90 ''Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist'']] [New York: J.J. Little & Ives, 1895], 10:76), asking if Davis might give him an original copy of a letter from his relative, Robert E. Lee:

<blockquote>
<div style="font-size: 85%;">
Cassius Francis Lee, Jr. was born at Alexandria, Va., the 4th. day of January, 1844.

He was prominent in the civic, business and religious life of the city, and took a particular interest in all that pertained to the history of the old
families of Virginia, collecting wills, deeds, letters, and all manner of genealogical data&mdash;Had his life been spared he would have arranged his
papers for publication and would have edited a most admirable book.

He died Sept. 4th., 1892.
</div>
</blockquote>
</ref>
</blockquote>

Wythe's ''Illiad'' notebook was donated to the [http://www.vahistorical/ Virginia Historical Society] by John Page, Jr., in 1934. It is unknown what became of Wythe's lecture notes, despite scholars Hemphill and Kirtland's attempts to track them. Both Worthington C. Ford and Paul L. Ford credit Cassius F. Lee, Jr. with providing them access to Jefferson's manuscripts of the Constitution of Virginia and Declaration of Independence, which now (evidence strongly suggests) reside at the New York Public Library's [http://www.nypl.org/locations/schwarzman/manuscripts-division Archive and Manuscripts Division].

==1776==

Thomas Jefferson gives a draft of his Constitution for Virginia to George Wythe in Philadelphia, which Wythe conveys to the Virginia Convention.

Jefferson sends draft copies of the [[Declaration of Independence]] to George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Philip Mazzei, John Page, Sr., and Edmund Pendleton.

==1806==
===Richmond ''Enquirer,'' June 20, 1806===

:''Main article: [[Richmond Enquirer, 20 June 1806]]''

Thomas Ritchie prints the text of a Jefferson draft of the Declaration of Independence, and a draft of the Virginia Constitution, in the [[Richmond Enquirer, 20 June 1806|Richmond ''Enquirer'']]:<ref>[[Media:RichmondEnquirer20June1806.pdf|''The Enquirer'' (Richmond, VA), June 20, 1806, 2-3.]]</ref>

<blockquote>
Among the literary reliques of the venerable George Wythe, were found the following rare and curious papers in the hand of Mr. Jefferson. The first is a copy of the original declaration of our Independence, as it came from the hands of its author: The other is a Bill of Rights and of a Constitution for Virginia, composed by Mr. Jefferson. For the permission to peruse and publish these papers, we are indebted to the politeness of Major DuVal, the sole executor of the estate.
 
The federal assertion that Mr. Jefferson was not the author of this celebrated declaration, has long since been refuted, or else these papers would have furnished the most abundant refutation. What now will become of the no less unfounded assertion, that this paper as it was adopted by Congress, owes much of its beauty and its force to the committee appointed to draft it? The world will see that not only were very few additions made by the committee, but that they even struck out two of the most forcible and striking passages in the whole composition. For what reasons, yet remains to be discovered.
 
The passages omitted from the original are printed in Italics. 

This Bill and Constitution as we have them in manuscript, are without any mark to note the date of their production. It is presumed however, that they were written in 1776. The constitution, written by Mr. Jefferson, in '83, is already printed in some of the Editions of his "[[Notes of Virginia]]."
</blockquote>

===Richmond ''Enquirer,'' September 2, 1806===

:''Main article: [[Respectfully Dedicated to the Legislature of Virginia]]''

Ritchie publishes the text of a letter to [[Thomas Jefferson to Wythe, 16 January 1796|George Wythe from Thomas Jefferson]] in the Richmond ''Enquirer,'' along with a list of Virginia laws owned by Jefferson.<ref>''The Enquirer'' (Richmond, VA), "[[Media:RichmondEnquirer2September1806p1p4.pdf|Respectfully Dedicated to the Legislature of Virginia]]," September 2, 1806, 4.</ref>

==1807==
===Ritchie to Governor William Cabell, April 25, 1807===

In the [http://books.google.com/books?id=vAY8AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA511 ''Calendar of Virginia State Papers''],<ref>H.W. Flournoy, ed., ''Calendar of Virginia State Papers and Other Manuscripts,'' vol. 9, ''January 1, 1799 to December 31, 1807'' (Richmond, VA: James E. Goode, 1890), 511.</ref> we find the following letter from Thomas Ritchie, publisher of the [[#1806|Richmond ''Enquirer'']]:

=====Page 511=====

<blockquote>
<center>
THOMAS RITCHIE TO THE GOVERNOR.
</center>

<div style="float: right;">
April 25
</div>
The accompanying valuable papers were (last year) put into my possession by Major DuVall [''sic''] (acting Executive of Mr. Wythe), and I was by him requested to have them deposited among the archives of the Council. I do myself the peculiar pleasure of transmitting them to you for this purpose.

<center>
I am, &amp;c.
</center>

[The above-mentioned papers were not found.&mdash;ED.]
</blockquote>

*Read this book in [http://books.google.com/books?id=vAY8AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA511 Google Books.]

==1810==
===Jefferson-Tyler correspondence, November 12, 1810===

:''Main article: [[Jefferson-Tyler Correspondence]]''

Governor John Tyler, Sr., wrote to President Thomas Jefferson in 1810,<ref>John Tyler, Sr., to Jefferson, 12 November 1810, [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib020438 Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1], General Correspondence, 1651-1827, Library of Congress. Jefferson, in his [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib020438 response of November 25], unfortunately declines to take possession of the manuscripts, and suggests only that they go back to Wythe's executor, Major Duval.</ref> to inform him that Thomas Ritchie was still in possession of George Wythe's manuscript lecture notes, and to ask if Jefferson would like to edit and publish them. Tyler mentions that Judge [[wikipedia:Spencer Roane|Spencer Roane]], a former student of Wythe's (and Ritchie's cousin), has read the notes.

[[File:TylertoJefferson1810.jpg|right|thumb|350px|<p>Letter from Virginia governor, [[Jefferson-Tyler Correspondence|John Tyler, Sr., to Thomas Jefferson]], November 12, 1810, explaining that Thomas Ritchie is still in possession of George Wythe's lecture notes.</p><p>Image from [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib020438 Library of Congress,] ''The Thomas Jefferson Papers.''</p>]]
<blockquote>
<div align="right">
Richmond, Nov. 12, 1810
</div>
Dear Sir,

Perhaps Mr. Ritchie, before this time, has informed you of his having possession of Mr. Wythe's manuscript lectures delivered at William and Mary College while he was professor of law and police at that place. They are highly worthy of publication, and but for the delicacy of sentiment and the remarkably modest and unassuming character of that valuable and virtuous citizen, they would have made their way in the world before this. It is a pity they should be lost to society, and such a monument of his memory be neglected. As you are entitled to it by his will (I am informed), as composing a part of his library, could you not find leisure time enough to examine it and supply some omissions which now and then are met with, I suppose from accident, or from not having time to correct and improve the whole as he intended?

Judge Roane has read them, or most of them, and is highly pleased with them, thinks they will be very valuable, there being so much of his own sound reasoning upon great principles, and not a mere servile copy of Blackstone and other British commentators,&mdash;a good many of his own thoughts on our constitutions and the necessary changes they have begotten, with that spirit of freedom which always marked his opinions.

I have not had an opportunity of reading them, which I would have done with great delight, but these remarks are made from Judge Roane's account of them to me, who seemed to think, as I do, that you alone should have the sole dominion over them, and should send them to posterity under your patronage.

It will afford a lasting evidence to the world, among much other, of your remembrance of the man who was always dear to you and his country. I do not see why an American Aristides should not be known to future ages. Had he been a vain egoist his sentiments would have been often seen on paper; and perhaps he erred in this respect, as the good and great should always leave their precepts and opinions for the benefit of mankind.

Mr. Wm. Crane gave it to Mr. Ritchie, who I suppose got it from Mr. Duval, who always had access to Mr. Wythe's library, and was much in his confidence.

I hope you are quite as happy as mortality is susceptible of, though not quite dissolved; and that you may remain so for many years, is the sincere wish of your most obedient humble servant. 
<div align="right">Jn. Tyler</div>
</blockquote>

==1813==
===Niles' ''Weekly Register,'' July 3, 1813===

:''Main article: [[Weekly Register, 3 July 1813]]''

In celebration of July Fourth, 1813, the ''Weekly Register'' prints the Declaration of Independence side-by-side with the text of Jefferson's draft published in the [[#1806|Richmond ''Enquirer'']] of 1806.<ref>"[[Media:NilesWeeklyRegister3July1813.pdf|Declaration of Independence]]," ''Weekly Register'' 4, no. 18 (3 July 1813), 281-284.</ref>

==< 1817==
===William Wirt, ''Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry''===

:''Main article: [[Life of Patrick Henry]]''

In his biography of Patrick Henry, in a footnote regarding the Virginia Convention of 1776, William Wirt asserts that he saw (sometime after Wythe's death in 1806, but before the book's publication in 1817) an "original rough draught of a Constitution for Virginia, in the hand-writing of Mr. Jefferson" in the Virginia state archive:

=====Page 196=====

<blockquote>
&#42; The striking similitude between the recital of wrongs prefixed to the constitution of Virginia, and that which was afterwards prefixed to the declaration of independence of the United States, is of itself sufficient to establish the fact that they are from the same pen. But the constitution of Virginia preceded the declaration of independence, by nearly a month; and was wholly composed and adopted while Mr. Jefferson is known to have been out of the State, attending the session of congress at Philadelphia. From these facts alone, a doubt might naturally arise whether he was, as he has always been reputed, the author of that celebrated instrument, the declaration of American independence, or at least a recital of grievances which ushers it in; or whether this part of it at least, had not not been borrowed from the preamble to the constitution of Virginia. To remove this doubt, it is proper to state, that there now exists among the archive of this state, an original rough draught of a Constitution for Virginia, in the hand-writing of Mr. Jefferson, containing this identical preamble, and which was forwarded by him from Philadelphia, to his friend Mr. Wythe, to be submitted to the committee of the house of delegates. The body of the constitution is taken principally from a plan proposed by Mr. George Mason; and had been adopted by the committee before the arrival of Mr. Jefferson's plan: his preamble however, was prefixed to the instrument; and some of the modifications proposed by him, introduced into the body of it. 
</blockquote>

==1829==
===B.W. Leigh, ''Proceedings and Debates of the Virginia State Convention of 1829-1830''===

In the [http://books.google.com/books?id=ThIbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA160 ''Proceedings and Debates of the Virginia State Convention of 1829-1830''] (Richmond, VA: Ritchie & Cook, 1830), on November 3, 1829, during a debate on the state constitution at the Virginia State Convention, Benjamin Watkins Leigh states that he has seen Jefferson's proposed draft for the Virginia Constitution in the council chamber in the Capitol in Richmond, but that "it cannot now be found."

=====Page 160=====

<blockquote>
At what period Mr. Jefferson discovered the incompetency of the Convention of '76. it were vain to conjecture&mdash;but I apprehend, it was not during the session of that body&mdash;for I know that Mr. J. himself prepared a Constitution for Virginia, and [[#1776|sent it to Williamsburg]] that it might be proposed to the Convention, during the session, from which the preamble and nothing more, was taken and prefixed to the present Constitution. Anyone may see, at a glance, that that preamble was written by the author of the Declaration of Independence. I have seen the projet [''sic''] of the Constitution, which Mr. J. offered, in the council chamber, in his own hand writing, tho' it cannot now be found&mdash;and I have since cursed my folly that I neglected to take a copy of it, in order to compare Mr. J's democracy ''of that day,'' with George Mason's practical republicanism. But, Sir, the validity of tho Constitution, as such, has been maintained by Pendleton, Wythe, Roane, by this whole Commonwealth for fifty-four years.
</blockquote>

*Read this book in [http://books.google.com/books?id=ThIbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA160 Google Books.]

==1834==
===Wythe's etymological praxis===

:''Main article: [[John Page, Jr., to James E. Heath, 3 January 1834]]''

John Page, Jr., donates Wythe's [[Etymological Praxis|notebook of Greek and Latin vocabulary]] from the ''Iliad''&mdash;which had been in the possession of Page's father for an indeterminate amount of time&mdash;to the [http://www.vahistorical.org/ Virginia Historical Society].<ref>[[John Page, Jr., to James E. Heath, 3 January 1834]], in George Wythe, ''[[Etymological Praxis|Etymological Praxis in Greek and Latin of Part of Homer's Iliad]],'' Manuscripts Collection, Virginia Historical Society.</ref>

==1861==
===Edmund Jennings Lee, ''Lee of Virginia, 1642-1892''===

In his [https://archive.org/stream/leeofvirginia16400inleee#page/837/mode/2up genealogical history of the Lee family], Edmund Jennings Lee (1853 &ndash; 1922)<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=_A9HAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33 ''Magazine of the Society of the Lees of Virginia''] 1, no. 1 (December 1922).</ref> publishes a letter from the Reverend Richard Henry Lee, a response to a request from Cassius Francis Lee, Jr. (Edmund's older brother, 17 years old at the time), for autographs of the "patriots of the Revolution." The Reverend tells his young cousin that he has given away (apparently donated) "every MSS., until I have ''not one'' left":

=====Page 395=====

<blockquote>
<center>
REV. RICHARD HENRY LEE.
</center>

44. Richard Henry<sup>6</sup> the eldest son of Ludwell Lee<sup>5</sup> (Richard Henry<sup>4</sup>, Thomas<sup>3</sup> Richard<sup>2</sup>, Richard<sup>1</sup>) and Flora Lee, his first wife, was born the 23d of June, 1794, and died at Washington, Pa., the 3d of January, 1865. He was twice married, and had issue by each marriage. Mr. Lee was educated at Dickinson College, Pa., where he graduated with the honors of his class. He then studied law with the late Judge Thomas Duncan, of Carlisle, Pa., and began the practice of his profession in Loudoun county. While residing at Leesburg he edited the Memoirs of his grandfather, Richard Henry Lee, and of his great-uncle, Dr. Arthur Lee, which were issued in 1825 and 1829 respectively. He was also at one time Mayor of Leesburg. Mr. Lee was a scholar, especially accomplished in classical literature and belles-lettres; he read Greek and Latin authors with ease, and, having a fine memory, treasured up their beauties for frequent reference. In 1833 he was called to the Chair of Languages at Washington College, Pennsylvania, and in 1837 was transferred to that of Belles-
</blockquote>

=====Page 396=====

<blockquote>
Lettres. During his occupancy of these professorships he continued the practice of law. But in 1854 he gave up the law and resigned his professorship to begin the study of theology, with a view to entering the ministry of the Episcopal Church, which he did in 1858, and assumed charge of Trinity Church, Washington, Pa. He was in charge of that church at the time of his death. 

Writing to the late Cassius F. Lee, Jr., under date of 18th of November, 1861, Mr. Lee told of his disposal of the various MSS. used by him in the preparation of the Memoirs. He wrote: 

"My Dear Cousin: When your letter of the 24th ult. reached here I was in Philadelphia, and since my return I have been suffering from a severe cold, which, together with current duties, has delayed this reply.

"I am happy to see from your letter that you are cherishing a veneration for the great and wise patriots of the Revolution, and greatly regret it is out of my power to gratify your desire to possess their autographs. I presented to the [[#1898|Athen&aelig;um in Pha.]]<ref>Technically, the [[#1898|American Philosophical Society]].</ref> all the MSS. from which I composed our Grandfather's Life; and to the University of Cambridge all those I used in the Life of our Uncle Arthur. Some years after I presented to the University of Virginia all the rest. I had selected some for my sons; but the many applications continually made to me, from every part of this country and Europe, led me to give away, one after another, every MSS., until I have ''not one'' left, to the excessive regret, now, of my sons and myself. 

"Present my affectionate regards to your Father and Uncle Charles. You will greatly oblige me by letting me hear about Cousin Edmund I. Lee and his family, and of Cousin R. H. Lee. In these deplorable times I am anxious to hear of them. I hope your mother has recovered. I heard in Trenton, N. J., of her illness."
</blockquote>

*Read this book in the [https://archive.org/stream/leeofvirginia16400inleee#page/837/mode/2up Internet Archive.]

==1890==
===Worthington C. Ford, ''The Nation,'' August 7, 1890===

:''Main article: [[Jefferson's Constitution for Virginia]]''

Ford describes two manuscript drafts of the Virginia Constitution, found near Lexington, Virginia:<ref>Worthington C. Ford, "[[Media:FordJeffersonsConstitutionForVirginia7August1890.pdf|Jefferson's Constitution for Virginia]]," ''Nation,'' August 7, 1890, 107-109.</ref>

=====Page 108=====

<blockquote>
The fact remains that for more than a century Jefferson's draft has been lost, and it has only recently been discovered near Lexington&mdash;two copies of it, both in Jefferson's MS., one with and the other wanting the preamble. Is it too great a stretch to conjecture that one, at least, was the identical manuscript that Wythe carried to Pendleton?
</blockquote>

===''The New England Historical and Genealogical Register,'' January, 1891===

The [http://books.google.com/books?id=HMk4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA94 ''New England Historical and Genealogical Register''] for January, 1891, reporting the proceedings of state historical societies, reveals that Cassius F. Lee, Jr., displayed a photographic reproduction of a Jefferson draft of the proposed Constitution for Virginia, at the [http://www.vahistorical.org/ Virginia Historical Society] in Richmond, in November, 1890.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=HMk4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA94 ''The New England Historical and Genealogical Register''] 45 (January 1891), 94.</ref> The quoted text of the document matches Wythe's copy (Jefferson's third and final draft), [[#1806|printed in the ''Enquirer'']] in 1806:

=====Page 94=====

<blockquote>
<center>
'''SOCIETIES AND THEIR PROCEEDINGS.'''<br />VIRGINIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
</center>

''Richmond, Saturday, Nov. 1, 1890.''&mdash;A meeting of the executive committee was held in the‘ society’s rooms, Westmoreland Club House, Vice-President Henry in the chair.

A photograph of the Constitution of Virginia, proposed by Thomas Jefferson in the Virginia Convention of 1776&mdash;a document until recently supposed to be lost&mdash;presented by Mr. Cassius F. Lee, Jr., of Alexandria, was exhibited. The document was labelled by Jefferson, "A bill for the new modelling of the form of government and for establishing the fundamental principles thereof in future." Other valuable donations were reported by Mr. Brock the librarian.
</blockquote>

*Read this article in [http://books.google.com/books?id=HMk4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA94 Google Books.]

==1892==
===Kate Mason Rowland, "A Lost Paper of Thomas Jefferson," July, 1892===

:''Main article: [[Lost Paper of Thomas Jefferson]]''

The text of the manuscript [[#1891|described by Worthington C. Ford]] is published, with a short commentary by Rowland, in the ''William &amp; Mary Quarterly.''<ref>Kate Mason Rowland, "[[Media:RowlandLostPaperOfThomasJeffersonJuly1892.pdf|A Lost Paper of Thomas Jefferson]]," ''William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Papers'' 1, no. 1 (July 1892), 34-45.</ref>

===September 4, 1892===

Cassius F. Lee, Jr., dies in Alexandria, Virginia, aged 48.<ref>Lee, ''Lee of Virginia,'' 515.</ref>

==1893==
===Paul L. Ford, ''The Writings of Thomas Jefferson''===

In a footnote to the text of two drafts for the Virginia Constitution, Ford credits his younger brother, Worthington C. Ford, and Cassius F. Lee, for providing him with "photographic reproductions" of Jefferson's drafts. He also notes Wirt and Leigh's previous sightings of the "fair draft" of the state constitution in Jefferson's hand:<ref>Paul Leicester Ford, ed., ''The Writings of Thomas Jefferson,'' vol. 2, ''1776-1781'' (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1893), 7.</ref>

<blockquote>

{| width="50%" align="center"
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | PROPOSED CONSTITUTION FOR VIRGINIA<sup>1</sup>
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: right;" | [June, 1776.]
|-
| width="50%" |
<center>FIRST DRAFT<ref>Thomas Jefferson, [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page001.db&recNum=548&itemLink=%2Fammem%2Fcollections%2Fjefferson_papers%2Fmtjser1.html&linkText=6 Drafts and Notes on the Virginia Constitution], Thomas Jefferson Papers, Series 1, General Correspondence, 1651-1827, Library of Congress.</ref></center>

A Bill for new modelling the form of government and for establishing the Fundamental principles of our future Constitution<br />
:Whereas George<br />
king of Great Britain &amp; Ireland and Elector of Hanover<sup>2</sup>
| width="50%" |
<center>FAIR COPY<ref>Thomas Jefferson, [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page001.db&recNum=532&itemLink=%2Fammem%2Fcollections%2Fjefferson_papers%2Fmtjser1.html&linkText=6 Drafts and Notes on the Virginia Constitution], Thomas Jefferson Papers, Series 1, General Correspondence, 1651-1827, Library of Congress.</ref></center>

[''A Bil'']l for new-modelling the form of Government and for establishing the Fundamental principles thereof in future.<br />
:Whereas George<br />
Guelf king of Great Britain and Ireland and Elector of Hanover,
|}

<sup>1</sup> The fair copy is endorsed in Jefferson's handwriting, "A Bill for new modelling the form of government, &amp; for establishing the fundamental principles thereof in future. It is proposed that this bill, after correction by the Convention, shall be referred by them to the people, to be assembled in their respective counties and that the suffrages of two thirds of the counties shall be requisite to establish it." The rough draft has no preamble, though space was left for it. In both copies the erasures and interlineations are indicated. The bracketed portions in Roman are so written by Jefferson. Those in italic are inserted by the editor. For these most important papers I am under obligation to the courtesy of Mr. Cassius F. Lee of Alexandria, Va., and Mr. Worthington Chauncey Ford, of Brooklyn, N. Y., not merely for photographic reproductions, but also for the facts concerning them given at large in his ''[[#1891|Jefferson's Constitution for Virginia]]'' (''The Nation,'' LI, 107). This constitution, though mentioned in several of the histories and other works concerning Virginia, and though seen by Wirt (''[[#< 1817|Life of Patrick Henry]],'' p. 196), and by Leigh (''[[#1829|Debates of Virginia Convention]], 1830,'' p. 160), has never yet been printed or even quoted.
</blockquote>

==1894==
===Lenox Library accession===

From the New York Public Library's record for [http://archives.nypl.org/mss/647 Thomas Jefferson's proposed constitution for Virginia, June 1776:]

<blockquote>
This is the third and final draft and was printed in Paul Leicester Ford's ''[[#1893|The Writings of Thomas Jefferson]],'' volume 2, page 7, where the history of this document is noted. The first and second drafts are in the [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib000155 Library of Congress]. Autograph document, presented to the Lenox Library by Mr. Alexander Maitland in 1894.
</blockquote>

See also Julian P. Boyd's note, in [[#1950|''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson'']] (1950):

<blockquote>
The provenance of this text is given in a memorandum of [[#1916|Victor H. Paltsits]] (Ford Papers, NN, 1 Feb. 1916): the document was acquired from Cassius F. Lee, Jr., of Alexandria, by 'William Evarts Benjamin, then a well-known dealer of New York City who acted in the matter for some woman whose name is not revealed.' Alexander Maitland purchased it of Benjamin for the Lenox Library.
</blockquote>

==1897==
===''Bulletin of the New York Public Library,'' December, 1897===

In 1895, the [http://www.nypl.org/ New York Public Library] was created from the consolidation of the Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. In the new ''Bulletin of the New York Public Library,'' an inventory of the Thomas Addis Emmet Collection, presented to the library by John S. Kennedy (president of the former Lenox Library) in June of 1896,<ref>''Bulletin of the New York Public Library'' 1, no. 1 (January 1897), 14.</ref> describes the "Cassius F. Lee" copy of the Declaration, which remains in the collections of New York's [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?psnypl_mss_1228 Archives and Manuscripts Division]:<ref>''Bulletin of the New York Public Library'' 1, no. 12 (December 1897), 355-356.</ref> 

<blockquote>
''Document:'' '''United States.'''&mdash;Congress, Continental, 1775-1789. [Philadelphia, July 4, 1776.] Declaration of Independence. Draft in the handwriting of Thomas Jefferson. 4 pp. F&deg;. EM. 1524

This one of several fair copies made by Jefferson from the original rough draft of the Declaration, after its adoption and publication, in which be gave the wording of the text as reported by the Committee, with the portions underlined that were changed or rejected by Congress. After remaining in the possession of the Lee family, of Virginia for many years, with other papers of Jefferson, the manuscript was sold by the late Mr. Cassius F. Lee, of Alexandria, to Mr. [[#1901|Elliot Danforth]], of New York, from whom Dr. Emmet obtained it.

The words substituted by Congress are not given in this copy, which in other respects agrees closely with the drafts sent to Lee and Madison, and with the text as incorporated in the autobiography, with the exception that two paragraphs and a few words were transposed.

Five other drafts of the Declaration in Jefferson's handwriting are known:&mdash;(I) the original rough draft, with interlineations, in the Department of State at Washington (reproduced a EM. 1523); (2) the copy lent to R. H. Lee in July 1776. and given by his grandson to the [[#1898|American Philosophical Society]] at Philadelphia in 1825, being similar to EM. 1524(see EM. 1521); (3) the copy made for Madison in 1781, similar to the preceding, and now in the State Department (reproduced in fac-simile in the Madison Papers, vol. 3); (4) the draft incorporated in the autobiography of 1821, similar to (2) and (3), and also in the State Department (printed in Jefferson's ''Writings'' (Ford); and (5) the fragment belonging to Mrs. Washburn, of Boston. See [[#1893|Jefferson's ''Writings'']] (Ford) vol. 2. p. 42, note.

It is stated by Jefferson, in a letter to Madison (Aug. 30, 1823), that be wrote a fair copy from the rough draft, reported it to the Committee, and from them unaltered, to Congress. All trace of this fair draft has been lost. It was probably used in crossing out the passages rejected by Congress, and in the making of the engrossed copy. The latter, which is the one that was signed, is in the keeping of the State Department.

Between July 4 and 10 Jefferson sent other drafts of the Declaration, with the omitted passages marked, to George Wythe, John Page, Edmund Pendleton, and Philip Mazzei, none of which has been found or identified. See Jefferson's ''Writings'' (Ford) vol. 2. p. 42, note.
</blockquote>

*Read this article in [http://books.google.com/books?id=waNMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA355 Google Books.]

==1898==
===I. Minis Hays, "A Note on the History of the Jefferson Manuscript Draught of the Declaration of Independence...," January, 1898===

An article in the [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ov6F3sJAXqwC&pg=PA88 ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society''] describes a copy of a Jefferson draft of the Declaration of Independence given to the American Philosophical Society in 1825, [[#1861|from a grandson of Richard Henry Lee]]. Notes another draft at the [[#1897|Lenox Library]] in New York (absorbed by the New York Public Library), and doubts the Lenox copy came from R.H. Lee:

=====Page 101=====

<blockquote>
5. A copy in the Emmet collection in the Lenox Library, New York. "This is one of several fair copies made by Jefferson from the original rough draught of the Declaration, after its adoption and publication, in which he gave the wording of the text as reported by the Committee, with the portions underlined that were changed or rejected by Congress. After remaining in the possession of the Lee family of Virginia for many years, with other papers of Jefferson, . . . . was sold by the late Mr. Cassius F. Lee, of Alexandria, to Mr. [[#1901|Elliot Danforth]], of New York, from whom Dr. Emmet obtained it."<sup>1</sup>

I have not been able to learn the circumstances under which this copy came into the possession of the Lee family. Dr. Emmet writes me that the only information he "can give is that Mr. Lee stated to me that it was one of the copies Jefferson sent his grandfather, and that it had been sent to some one in lower Virginia by Richard Henry Lee shortly after, and that it was not recovered for many years after."<sup>2</sup>

This copy is without interlineation and does not contain the additions made by the Congress. It is, with some slight exceptions, the text of the document as reported to the Congress.

<div style="font-size: 85%;">
<sup>1</sup> [[#1897|Bulletin of the New York Public Library]], 1897, p. 355.

<sup>2</sup> Personal communication, April 16, 1898. It does not seem likely that Jefferson should have sent two similar autographic copies of the Declaration to Richard Henry Lee, and as the history of the copy possessed by this Society is clear and indisputable, it is probable that the Emmet copy came from another source, and Mr. [[#1893|Paul L. Ford]], the learned student of Jefferson's works, informs me that he is inclined to believe that it is the copy sent to John Page.
</div>
</blockquote>

=====Page 102=====

<blockquote>
In addition to these five copies and a fragment of a sixth, Jefferson made, according to Ford,<sup>1</sup> between the 4th and 10th of July, other copies, which he [[#1776|sent to George Wythe]],<sup>2</sup> John Page, Edmund Pendleton and Philip Mazzei, who gave his copy, so so Jefferson states in his letter to Vaughan, to the Countess de Tess&#233; of France, but is not known if these copies are still in existence.

<div style="font-size: 85%;">
<sup>1</sup> [[#1893|''Writings of Jefferson'']], ii , p. 42, Note.

<sup>2</sup> This copy was delivered to Mr. Thomas Ritchie, editor of the [[#1806|''Richmond Enquirer'']], by Major Duval, the executor of Mr. Wythe's estate, and its text was printed in [[#1813|Niles's Weekly Register]], July 3, 1883 (Vol. iv, No. 13). Notwithstanding inquiry among Mr. Ritchie's descendants I have not been able to learn whether it is still in existence.
</div>
</blockquote>

*Read this article in [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ov6F3sJAXqwC&pg=PA88 Google Books.]

==1901==
===''The New York Times,'' January 6, 1901===

:''Main article: "[[Historic Manuscript Found in a Garret]]"''

Several years before the writing of this article, Cassius F. Lee, Jr., of Alexandria, Virginia, sells Elliot Danforth, of New York, a Jefferson draft of Declaration. Danforth sells it to Dr. Thomas A. Emmet, whose collection of Revolutionary War era manuscripts eventually goes to the [[#1896|New York Public Library]].

==1906==
===John H. Hazelton, ''The Declaration of Independence: Its History''===

:''Main article: [[Malignity Exposed]]''

In an appendix to his history of the Declaration of Independence, Hazelton describes the various copies made by Jefferson which have been discovered, including the draft at the [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?psnypl_mss_1228 New York Public Library], which he supposes could have been Wythe's, Pendleton's, or Page's copy.<ref>John H. Hazelton, ''The Declaration of Independence: Its History'' (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1906), 347-348, 350-351.</ref>

=====Page 347=====

<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px;">In the New<br />York Public<br />Library<br />(Lenox)</div>
<blockquote>
The copy in the New York Public Library ([[#1896|Lenox]]) was purchased from Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet of New York City. He secured it from [[#1901|Elliot Danforth]] of the same place, who purchased it from Cassius F. Lee of Alexandria, Va. Lee had written to both Emmet and Danforth, but Emmet's letter accepting the Declaration upon the terms proposed was not received until after Danforth had purchased it.

How it came into the hands of Lee is not known.

Danforth writes us that he cannot find the letters which he received from Lee, even if they are still in existence. Emmet writes us: "I did not preserve Mr. Lee's letters&mdash;" Lee died in 1892, and, so far as we can learn by corresponding with his daughter, Mrs. W. J. (Lucy Lee) Boothe, Jr., of Alexandria, left no record of the history of the manuscript (if he knew anything of it) among his papers.

Emmet writes, however, to Hays ([[#1898|Hays says]]): "Mr. Lee stated to me that it was one of the copies Jefferson sent his grandfather, and that it had been sent to someone in lower Virginia by Richard Henry Lee shortly after, and that it was not recovered for many years after"; but this, we think, cannot be true, unless Jefferson sent it with some other letter than that (See p. 344) of July 8, 1776, which seems scarcely possible.

It may very well be the copy<sup>113</sup> which Jefferson mailed to Pendleton or the one<sup>114</sup> found among the papers of Wythe or, if there ever was such a copy, the copy<sup>115</sup> mailed to Page.

It also is in the handwriting of Jefferson and fills the front and reverse sides of two sheets of foolscap; and the paper itself is of the same character and size as that used for the draft which he sent to R. H. Lee. Indeed, pages 1, 2 and 4 respectively of these two drafts end ''upon the same word;'' while page 3 of this copy ends with the word "altering" and of the copy sent to Lee with "altering fundamentally the forms of our governments;": from which it might appear that one was copied from the other. The individual lines, however, as well as the underscored words, as we have seen, do not always correspond; and there is sometimes an "and" in one where there is an "&amp;" in the other and an occasional slight difference in punctuation. There is no indorsement&mdash;or, indeed, any extra-
</blockquote>

=====Page 348=====

<blockquote>
neous writing&mdash;upon it as there is upon the copy which was sent to Lee. It has at some time been folded once each way.
</blockquote>

=====Page 350=====

<div style="float: left; margin-right: 2px;">Sent<br />to<br />Wythe</div>
<blockquote>
Another draft in the handwriting of Jefferson which has not been located&mdash;unless ''it'' is the one in the New York Public Library (Lenox) or the one in the Massachusetts Historical Society&mdash;would seem<sup>120</sup> to have been sent to Wythe; for the [[Malignity Exposed|''Richmond Enquirer''<sup>121</sup> (C) of August 6, 1822]], says:

<center>
MALIGNITY EXPOSED.
</center>

The subjoined article from the Charleston Patriot exposes another of the vile attempts, which have been recently made by a sleepless spirit of resentment, to strip the laurel from the brow of Jefferson . . . At least thirteen years ago<sup>122</sup> we [[Richmond Enquirer, 20 June 1806|published in this paper a copy of the original draft]]<sup>123</sup> as it came from his own hands: This copy was in his handwriting, and was found among the papers of the late Mr. Wythe, the friend and instructor of his early years. This copy was published in [[Weekly Register, 3 July 1813|Niles's W. Register]], &amp; in various other newspapers of this continent. And now forsooth, we are to be amused with a new discovery of the original draft being "scored and scratched like a school-boy's exercise." This is a most miserable exaggeration&mdash;the variations, which were made, were most of them disapproved of by the author we recollect those passages well&mdash;and we repeat what we said at the time of re-publication, that the paper was altered for the worse . . .

<center>
[From the Charleston Patriot.]
</center>

This would appear to be an age of calumny and all uncharitableness . . . But as if malice is contagious or admits of being propagated, a coadjutor to the "Native of Virginia" has appeared in the Federal Republican, whose article will be found below, and who wishes to rob Mr. Jefferson of the fume of having solely written the Declaration of Independence.

&mdash;Richard Henry Lee is credited with the honor of having ''moved'' the Declaration, and of having corrected and amended the original report of this celebrated paper. Mr. Jefferson is not denied having furnished the outlines of the Declaration, but it is pretended that it is the work as it now stands of abler hands. Now, the plain intent of this fresh or forgotten fragment of history just recovered and brought to light, is to deprive Mr. Jefferson of all credit for originality in drawing up the Declaration of Independence . . . The credit of being the ''author'' of the Declaration is nowise impaired by the subject being ''moved'' by another; but the insinuation that the original draft only was furnished by him and not the perfect copy as it now stands, is contradicted by the evidence of contemporaries. Let us see these promised documents . . .
</blockquote>

=====Page 351=====

<blockquote>
<center>
[From the Philadelphia Union.]
</center>

We have long been acquainted with the facts alluded to in the following article from the Federal Republican. We have seen Mr. Jefferson's draft<sup>124</sup> of the Declaration of Independence, scored and scratched like a school boy's exercise. When Mr. Sch&aelig;ffer shall comply with his promise to publish the documents relating to this subject, the jack daw will be stript of the plumage, with which adulation has adorned him, and the crown will be placed on the head of a real patriot.

''Richard Henry Lee.''&mdash;It is truly remarkable that this great statesman is forgotten among all of the celebrities of the ''Fourth of July.'' It is to this "illustrious" patriot, we are indebted for our ''Declaration of Independence,'' for it was he who moved it in Congress . . . Among men of sense, candor and truth, there will be no question whether ''he'' who ''dared'' openly to propose the project, or he who had the principal agency in putting it ''on paper'' deserves the most credit . . .

Ere long, we hope to have leisure to publish some very important documents on this subject. We have the ''very copy''<sup>125</sup> of the declaration of independence, as it was originally reported and sent by the "illustrious penman," to this same Richard Henry Lee together with his remarks<sup>126</sup> on it in his own ''hand writing . . .''<ref>The author and champion of Richard Henry Lee is likely non other than his grandson, the Reverend Richard Henry Lee, of Leesburg, Virginia, who published [http://books.google.com/books?id=bkkWIBqWCCYC&printsec=frontcover ''Memoir of the Life of Richard Henry Lee: And His Correspondence''] in two volumes in 1825, and donated Lee's draft of the Declaration of Independence to the [[Wythe's Lost Papers#1861|American Philosophical Society]] in Philadelphia that same year. A footnote of similar sentiment and construction appears in volume one of the [http://books.google.com/books?id=bkkWIBqWCCYC&pg=PA105 ''Memoir,'' on page 105].</ref>

<div align="right">[Fed. Rep.</div>

[[Weekly Register, 3 July 1813|''The Weekly Register'']] (C and N) referred to&mdash;of July 3, 1813&mdash;says:

The time fitting the purpose, we embrace this occasion to present our readers with the Declaration of Independence, placing by its side the original draft<sup>127</sup> of Mr. ''Jefferson,'' about which much curiosity and speculation has existed. The paper from which we have our copy, was found among the literary reliques of the late venerable ''George Wythe,'' of Virginia, in the hand writing of Mr. J. and delivered to the editor [Thomas Ritchie] of the ''Richmond Enquirer'' by the executor of Mr. Wythe's estate, major Duval. The passages stricken out of the original, by the committee, are inserted in ''italics.''

Here follow in separate columns a copy (seemingly) of the Declaration as printed by Dunlap under the order of Congress and a copy<sup>128</sup> (substantially) of it as submitted to Congress by the committee on June 28th. Below appears the following: "The Declaration as adopted was also signed."; and then come the names of the signers, except that of M:Kean, arranged by Colonies.
</blockquote>

*Read this book in [http://books.google.com/books?id=QVcSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306 Google Books.]

==1916==
===Paltsits memorandum, February 1, 1916===

Julian P. Boyd details the provenance of the [http://www.nypl.org/ New York Public Library's] copy of [http://archives.nypl.org/mss/647 Thomas Jefferson's proposed constitution for Virginia, June 1776] in volume one of the [[#1950|''Papers of Thomas Jefferson'']] (1950):<ref>Julian P. Boyd, ed., ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,'' vol. 1, ''1760-1776'' (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950), 364.</ref>

<blockquote>
The provenance of this text is given in a memorandum of Victor H. Paltsits (Ford Papers, NN, 1 Feb. 1916): the document was acquired from Cassius F. Lee, Jr., of Alexandria, by "William Evarts Benjamin, then a well-known dealer of New York City who acted in the matter for some woman whose name is not revealed." Alexander Maitland purchased it of Benjamin for the Lenox Library. Shortly after this text was brought to light in 1890, efforts were made to identify it as the copy that TJ had given to George Wythe to convey to the Virginia Convention (D. R. Anderson, "[[Jefferson and the Virginia Constitution|Jefferson and the Va. Const.]]," Amer. Hist. Rev., XXI [1915-1916], 751).
</blockquote>

===D.R. Anderson, "Jefferson and the Virginia Constitution," July, 1916===

:''Main article: [[Jefferson and the Virginia Constitution]]''

An article in the ''American Historical Review'' suggests comparing the manuscript described by [[#1891|Worthington C. Ford]] in 1891 with the text published in [[#1806|''The Enquirer'']] in 1806.<ref>Dice Robins Anderson, "Jefferson and the Virginia Constitution," American Historical Review, 21, no. 4 (July 1916), 750-754.</ref>

==1943==
===Julian P. Boyd, ''The Declaration of Independence''===

=====Page 7=====

Boyd's excellent study (with large, photographic reproductions of all of the various drafts) of the Jefferson's composition of the Declaration notes the vague origins of the New York Public Library copy, but cannot "conclusively" establish it as the copy Wythe delivered to the Virginia Convention in 1776:<ref>Julian P. Boyd, ''The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text as Shown in Facsimiles of Various Drafts by its Author'' (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1943), 7-8.</ref>

<blockquote>
<center>
:VII. ''Unidentified Copy of the Declaration Made by Jefferson'' [''Cassius F. Lee Copy'']
</center>

Reproduced from the original through the courtesy of the President and Board of Trustees of the New York Public Library, who also consented to place it on exhibit in the current Jefferson exhibit at the Library of Congress. This copy was [[#1897|purchased for the New York Public Library]] in 1896 from Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet, who in turn secured it from [[#1901|Eliot Danforth]]. The latter purchased it from Cassius F. Lee of Alexandria, Virginia. Since its early history is hidden in obscurity, the person for whom Jefferson made it is not known. In addition to the copy made for Richard Henry Lee, Jefferson sent other copies, which evidently were made between July 4 and July 10, to [[#1776|George Wythe]], John Page, Edmund Pendleton, and Philip Mazzei. The present copy may be one of these, but this fact has not been positively established. See [[#1906|Hazelton, op. cit., p. 347-48]]. This copy corresponds closely to the Lee copy in respect to its contents: that is, it represents the Declaration approximately as it was when the Committee of Five reported it to Congress. See note below on the copy sent to George Wythe.
</blockquote>

=====Page 8=====

<blockquote>
<center>
''Note on the Copy Sent by Jefferson to George Wythe''
</center>

John H. Hazelton, in his invaluable pioneering [[#1906|study on the Declaration of Independence]], quoted (p. 350) the ''Richmond'' (Virginia) ''Enquirer'' of August 6, 1822, as saying it had "published ... about thirteen years ago a copy of the original draft [of the Declaration] as it came from his [Jefferson's] own hands. This copy ... was found among the papers of Mr. Wythe, the friend and instructor of his early years. This copy was published in [[Weekly Register, 3 July 1813|Niles's W. Register]], & in various other newspapers of this continent." Hazelton (p. 602) was unable to locate it as published in the [[#1806|''Richmond Enquirer'']] and elsewhere about 1809.<ref>Wythe's copy of Jefferson's draft of the Declaration of Independence was published in the Richmond ''Enquirer'' on June 20, 1806, on pages 2-3.</ref> In consequence, there has been doubt as to whether the copy in the New York Public Library (Document VII) or that in the Massachusetts Historical Society (Document IX) could be the Wythe copy. For the reasons given below, it is believed that the copy in the New York Public Library is, in all probability, the copy sent to Wythe.

Among the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress there is a box of newspaper clippings, one of which is taken from ''The Commonwealth'' (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) for July 1, 1807. This clipping is endorsed in Jefferson's hand: "Declaration of Independence" and the printing of the Declaration is prefaced by the following comment of ''The Commonwealth:'' "We have chosen to publish, at this time the original draught of the Declaration of Independence, as it came from the pen of Mr. Jefferson, found among the papers of the venerable George Wythe, after his decease, in the handwriting of the author. It will be seen, by a comparison with the Declaration, as adopted, that hardly any instrument of writing, of the same length, written by an individual, ever underwent fewer alterations and amendments, when submitted to an assembly for revision and adoption. It is evident, therefore, that Mr. Jefferson, at that time, expressed the sense of the nation at large&mdash;as he has ever since done&mdash;and, as we trust, he ever will do. The passages omitted in the original composition are printed in Italics." The italicized portions in ''The Commentator'' [''sic'']<ref>Read: ''The Commonwealth.'' This error is corrected in a later edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt (1999, pp. 79-80).</ref> agree almost precisely with the corresponding underlined passages in the New York Public Library copy, and in one particular especially: in the Wythe copy "General" is omitted from the title of the Declaration and in the latter it is marked for omission. This occurs in no other copy except that made for Madison (and, of course, in the copy in ''Notes'' from which the Madison copy was made). In addition to this circumstantial evidence, it should be noted that the New York Public Library copy was acquired from Cassius F. Lee&mdash;who also possessed the two later drafts of Jefferson's ideas on a constitution for Virginia. Jefferson's proposed constitution was sent to Williamsburg by George Wythe. Could it be that the two drafts that belonged to Cassius F. Lee were those actually carried by Wythe? One of these drafts lacks the part that formed the Preamble to the Virginia Constitution: could it be that Wythe detached that part and presented it to the Virginia Convention? These, of course, are purely speculative questions, but the presence in Cassius F. Lee's hands of a copy of the Declaration bearing such exact relationship with the Wythe copy as printed in ''The Commentator'' [''sic''], together with his possession of two drafts of a document which Wythe transmitted for Jefferson, lends strong color of probability to the supposition that the New York Public Library copy is the George Wythe copy. The point is not conclusively established and so, in these pages, the copy in the New York Public Library is referred to as the Cassius F. Lee copy. 
</blockquote>

==1950==
===Julian P. Boyd, ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''===

Boyd devotes a chapter in the first volume of Jefferson's papers to the composition, in June, 1776, of a proposed Virginia Constitution. His notes on Jefferson's manuscript second draft of the Virginia Constitution detail its provenance:<ref>Julian P. Boyd, ed., ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,'' vol. 1, ''1760-1776'' (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950), 354-355.</ref>

=====Page 354=====

<blockquote>
Dft (<span class="abbr" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="Library of Congress">DLC</span>).<ref>[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib000156 Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence], June 1776 Thomas Jefferson Papers, Series 1, General Correspondence, 1651-1827, Library of Congress.</ref> This MS, which Ford labels "First Draft," was acquired by the Library of Congress in 1930, being donated by W. E. Benjamin of New York (''Report of the Librarian of Congress,'' 1930, p. 64), who obtained it from Cassius F. Lee, Jr., of Alexandria, Va. The MS of the Third Draft, described below, and the Wythe copy of the Declaration of Independence were also at one time in the possession of Lee, (Boyd, ''[[#1943|Declaration of Independence]],'' 1945, p. 39, 42, 43–5), from whom Ford obtained facsimiles of both the Second and Third Drafts ([[#1893|Ford, II, 7]]). However, some parts of the Second Draft became separated from the MS before it was acquired by the Library of Congress. These missing portions are noted below and the text is from Ford, II, 7. That part of the MS in DLC consists of eight pages and one tipped-in slip of paper. The present location of these missing parts is unknown. It is possible that Lee obtained the Second Draft, as he certainly did the Third, directly or indirectly from the papers of George Wythe. It is also most likely, as indicated in the notes to the Third Draft, that TJ sent more than one copy to the Virginia Convention. If so, this might explain the fact that the Second Draft became separated from the main corpus of Jefferson's papers. Ford (II, 7) noted that the Second Draft lacked the introductory part containing the justification for abolishing the "kingly office" and setting up new forms of government. As suggested above, in the

=====Page 355=====

notes to First Draft, it is very unlikely that such a preamble to the Second Draft ever existed (see footnote 1, below).

The supposition that TJ sent more than one copy of his proposed constitution to Virginia is possibly confirmed by the statements of [[#< 1817|William Wirt]] and [[#1829|B. W. Leigh]]. These statements have every appearance of being reliable: they were made independently, separated widely in time, and uttered by men of recognized probity, one of whom supported and the other of whom opposed Jeffersonian principles. Each flatly asserted that he had seen in the State archives at Richmond a draft of a proposed constitution of Virginia, in TJ's handwriting, that he had submitted to the Convention in 1776 ([[#< 1817|Wirt, ''Henry,'' I, 196]]; B. W. Leigh, [[#1829|''Procs. and Debates of the Va. State Conv. of 1829–1830,'']] Richmond, 1830, p. 160). Leigh added, in the statement he made in 1830, that the MS had "long since" disappeared from the council chamber.<ref>Citation needed.</ref> It is known that the Third Draft of TJ's proposed constitution was found among George Wythe’s papers at his death in 1806 (see notes to Third Draft). Wythe must, therefore, have retained this text, even though it was the fair copy, correctly docketed by TJ as a bill ready to be introduced. In view of this and of the clear indications that the Third Draft was copied from another text than our Second Draft, Wirt and Leigh must have seen some other copy in the council chamber. If so, that copy, having disappeared before 1830, is not known to be in existence. It could not have been our Second Draft (see above and note 1, below).
</blockquote>

*View this manuscript at the [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page001.db&recNum=548&itemLink=%2Fammem%2Fcollections%2Fjefferson_papers%2Fmtjser1.html&linkText=6 Library of Congress].

*Read this text on [http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-01-02-0161-0003 Founders Online], National Archives.

Boyd's notes on Jefferson's manuscript third draft of the Virginia Constitution argue that this is the copy transmitted to Williamsburg by Wythe, and found in Wythe's papers after his death in 1806:<ref>Boyd, ''Papers of Thomas Jefferson,'' 1:364-365.</ref>

=====Page 364=====

<blockquote>
Dft (<span class="abbr" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="New York Public Library">NN</span>).<ref>[http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?psnypl_mss_1228 Declaration of Independence. Draft in the handwriting of Thomas Jefferson], Archives and Manuscripts Division, New York Public Library.</ref> This copy of TJ's constitution was folded and docketed in correct legislative form. At the top of the two sheets, after it was folded, TJ endorsed this title on his substantive law: "A ''Bill'' for new modelling the form of government, &amp; for establishing the fundamental principles thereof in future." Below this, he added: "It is proposed that this bill, after correction by the Convention, shall be referred by them to the people to be assembled in their respective counties and that the suffrages of two thirds of the counties shall be requisite to establish it."

The provenance of this text is given in a [[#1916|memorandum of Victor H. Paltsits]] (Ford Papers, NN, 1 Feb. 1916): the document was acquired from Cassius F. Lee, Jr., of Alexandria, by "William Evarts Benjamin, then a well-known dealer of New York City who acted in the matter for some woman whose name is not revealed." Alexander Maitland purchased it of Benjamin for the Lenox Library. Shortly after this text was brought to light in 1890, efforts were made to identify it as the copy that TJ had given to George Wythe to convey to the Virginia Convention (D. R. Anderson, "[[Jefferson and the Virginia Constitution|Jefferson and the Va. Const.]]," ''Amer. Hist. Rev.,'' XXI [1915-1916], 751). A close comparison of the copy found among Wythe's papers at his death in 1806 and printed with meticulous accuracy in the ''[[#1806|Richmond Enquirer]],'' 20 June 1806, clearly establishes the identity of that copy and the one now in the New York Public Library, here designated as the Third Draft (Boyd, ''[[#1943|Declaration of Independence]],'' 1945, p. 44-5). In 1825 TJ wrote: "I . . . drew a sketch or outline of a Constitution, with a preamble, which I sent to Mr. Pendleton, president of the convention. . . . He informed me afterwards by letter, that he received it on the day on which the Committee of the whole had reported to the House the plan they had agreed to . . ." (TJ to Augustus B. Woodward, 3 Apr. 1825). It has been assumed that this was a mistake of memory on TJ's part and that he confused Pendleton with Wythe (Hazelton, p. 451). Wythe reported to TJ that "the one you put into my hands was ''shewn'' [italics supplied]" to those chiefly engaged in framing the Constitution ([[Wythe to Thomas Jefferson, 27 July 1776|Wythe to TJ, 27 July 1776]]). This, together with the significant fact that Wythe's copy remained among his papers, indicates that TJ was correct in saying he had sent a copy to Pendleton. If so, this would tend to confirm the supposition advanced in the notes to the Second Draft that two copies were sent. Wirt indicates that the copy he saw in the State archives was the one "forwarded . . . to Mr. Wythe";

=====Page 365=====

however, he also describes it as "an original rough draught," a description which scarcely fits the Wythe copy or Third Draft ([[#< 1817|Wirt, ''Henry,'' I, 196]]). Moreover, if Wythe's copy had been used by the Convention as the text from which several parts were taken for incorporation in the Constitution adopted by that body, it seems very likely that some corrections or markings on the MS of the text would have been made to indicate what parts had been selected, how they had been altered, s.c. (see ''Conv. Jour.,'' May 1776, 1816 edn., p. 78, for 28 June, when it was ordered that "the said plan of government, together with the amendments, be ''fairly transcribed''" [italics supplied]). No such alterations or markings appear on the Third Draft.

<sup>1</sup> MS torn; text supplied from the precisely correct and literal text printed in the ''[[#1806|Richmond Enquirer]],'' 20 June 1806.

<sup>2</sup> A word must have been omitted by TJ at this point; elsewhere in the document the comparable phrase is employed: e.g., "incapable of holding any public pension . . . ," not "incapable of any pension." The fact is that at this point in the Second Draft TJ wrote: "incapable of being again appointed to the same"; then struck out the words "being again appointed to"; then interlined "holding," making the phrase read as he usually wrote it "incapable of holding the same." However, the word "holding" appears also to have had a line drawn through it, though it also bears evidence of the slight smudge that TJ occasionally made in his rough drafts, as if he had run his finger over a freshly drawn line or word to expunge it. At all events, it is certain that "incapable of holding" is what he normally would have written and it is equally certain that "holding" was interlined though perhaps lined out. The point is worth noting since both the text of the Third Draft and the text of the Enquirer omit the word "holding" at this point, thus adding to the preponderant evidence that they are identical.

<sup>3</sup> The square brackets here and below in the text are in the MS.

<sup>4</sup> The words in italics were struck out, and then TJ interlined the following words at the top of the same page of MS: "nor shall there be power any where to pardon or to remit fines or punishments." This clause was finally inserted in the next to the last paragraph under "1. Legislative," above.

<sup>5</sup> The six lines in the MS beginning with the words "by an act of the legislature" down to and including "defined by the legislature, and for" are written on a slip of paper pasted on the MS at this point. This represents a curious omission made by TJ in copying, an omission that seems inexplicable except on the ground that the Third Draft (Wythe's copy in NN) was copied not from the Second Draft (DLC) but from another text. As originally copied in the Third Draft, TJ caused this passage to read in part, without a break in the lines, "for breach of which they shall be remove able [end of line] the punishment of which the said legislature shall have previously prescribed certain and determinate pains. . . ." The First Draft includes in rough, interlined form the six lines thus omitted at the end of the line "they shall be removeable," but in the Second Draft this passage comprises four and a half lines at the bottom of page 7 and two and a half lines at the top of page 8. It is conceivable that TJ could have accidentally skipped such a passage if it had ended at the bottom of a page or if its beginning and end coincided with the beginning and end of a line. But it is difficult to believe that he could have made this error if he had been copying from a text where the passage began in the middle of the line near the bottom of one page and ended in the middle of the line near the top of another, particularly in a case where the omission involved such a sharp break in the continuity and sense. The evidence in this instance alone is not conclusive, but taken in connection with TJ's remarks in 1825, with the statements of Wirt and Leigh as cited in notes to the Second Draft, and other evidences given in these notes, it seems certain that the Third Draft was copied from another fair copy made from the Second Draft. At all events, the omission of this passage conclusively proves that the Third Draft is the copy that George Wythe carried to Virginia, for the [[#1806|''Richmond Enquirer'']] printed the six lines written on the slip of paper, but neglected to include the lines written underneath. This typographical error obviously could have occurred only in the use of the copy now in NN, which, therefore, is the copy transmitted by Wythe.
</blockquote>

*View this manuscript at the [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page001.db&recNum=532&itemLink=%2Fammem%2Fcollections%2Fjefferson_papers%2Fmtjser1.html&linkText=6 Library of Congress]

*Read this text on [http://founders.archives.gov/?q=Ancestor%3ATSJN-01-01-02-0161&s=1511311111&r=4 Founders Online], National Archives.

==1983==
===Kirtland, ''George Wythe: Lawyer, Revolutionary, Judge,'' p. 298-299===

Appendix A: "What Has Become of George Wythe's Papers?"

<blockquote>
It is intriguing but apparently idle to speculate on the possibility that a substantial corpus of Wythe papers may survive to the present day.

Wythe may not, in fact, have kept extensive files. Few men of his era shared Jefferson's conspicuous sense of the future and of their importance to it. It was Jefferson, indeed, who remarked to Tyler that he had been surprised to learn of the existence of Wythe's manuscript lecture notes, since "he might have destroyed them, as I expect he has done [to] a very great number of instructive arguments delivered at the bar, and often written at full length.1

Apart from small bequests and the establishment of a trust to provide for Lydia Broadnax, Wythe's entire estate went to the brother and two sisters of George Wythe Sweeney: Charles A., Ann, and Jane Sweeney. Charles and Jane were minors (Holder Hudgins of Mathews County, the ultimate purchaser of Chesterville, was their guardian) as late as November, 1808, and before that date (by which time she had married John Cary, and seems to have been living in Henrico County), Ann may have been under Hudgins's guardianship, too.2 

1 Jefferson to John Tyler, 25 Nov. 1810, in answer to Tyler's letter cited above, Chapter I, note 9: DLC, Jefferson Papers, 191:34037.

2 The Wythe heirs and their guardian can be traced back, in part, through Abraham Warwick, who owned the Wythe Richmond homesite in the

There is no evidence that these grandchildren of Wythe's sister, Ann, were living with their great-uncle, like their brother, George, at the time of Wythe's death. If they knew of his papers, they apparently had no interest in or appreciation of them. Governor Tyler suggests to Jefferson, in the letter cited above (Chapter I, note 9), that perhaps the latter was entitled to the manuscript of the lectures by reason of the bequest of Wythe's library (Would that Jefferson had overcome his scrupulous regard for the exact terms of the bequest! Had he, the manuscript might have survived. Jefferson's conscience in this regard is in stark contrast with the uncertainties of Tyler, who though a lawyer and later a judge could say, four years after Wythe's death, "You are entitled to [the manuscript] by his will (as I am informed)"!). 

Moreover, there is in the executive papers of Virginia a letter written by Thomas Ritchie to Governor William H. Cabell, dated 27 April 1807, covering certain "valuable papers" that had come into the editor's possession through "Major Duvall (acting Executive of Mr. Wythe)" and were, at the latter's request, to be deposited in the State archives.3 There can be little question that these papers, otherwise undescribed, had come from Wythe's files. There is no trace of them today, nor was there when the archives were calendared at the end of the last century. 

1850's; see Richmond City Hustings Deeds, Book 21, p. 570, and Book 3l, p. 385; Henrico Court Order Book #16, p. 223: #14, p. 162; and Henrico Court Minute Book, 1823-1825, pp. 269, 279, all in Vi.

For the information on Hudgins's purchase of Chesterville, I can cite only a newspaper article from the Daily Press of Newport News, Hampton, and Warwick, 31 May 1953, section D, p. I, purporting to give the family tradition of Col. Robert Hudgins, a descendant of Holder and the last private owner of Chesterville; see Appendix B.

3 Calendar of Virginia State Papers, IX, 511.
</blockquote>

==See also==

*[[Declaration of Independence]]
*[[Etymological Praxis]]
*[[Richmond Enquirer, 20 June 1806]]

==References==
<references />

==External Links==

* [http://www.nypl.org/blog/2012/07/02/closer-look-jeffersons-declaration "A Closer Look at Jefferson's Declaration,"] New York Public Library Blogs.

* Declaration of Independence, [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib000156 First Draft], Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.

* Declaration of Independence, [http://www.amphilsoc.org/exhibits/treasures/decjef.htm Second Draft], American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

* Declaration of Independence, [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?psnypl_mss_1228 Third Draft], New York Public Library.

* [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trt003.html Draft of the Virginia Constitution], Library of Congress.

* [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib000157 Notes on the Virginia Constitution], Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.

* Virginia Constitution, [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page001.db&recNum=548&itemLink=%2Fammem%2Fcollections%2Fjefferson_papers%2Fmtjser1.html&linkText=6 Manuscript First Draft], Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.

* Virginia Constitution, [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page001.db&recNum=532&itemLink=%2Fammem%2Fcollections%2Fjefferson_papers%2Fmtjser1.html&linkText=6 Manuscript Second Draft], Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.

* Virginia Constitution, [http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-01-02-0161-0003 Second Draft Text,] Founders Online, National Archives.

* Virginia Constitution, [http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-01-02-0161-0004 Third Draft Text,] Founders Online, National Archives.

* Virginia Constitution, [http://archives.nypl.org/mss/647 Third Draft (catalog record)], Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library.


[[Category:Letters and Papers]]