http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_and_Slavery&feed=atom&action=historyGeorge Wythe and Slavery - Revision history2024-03-29T12:36:47ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.27.5http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_and_Slavery&diff=74146&oldid=prevLktesar at 13:07, 25 August 20232023-08-25T13:07:47Z<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:07, 25 August 2023</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>;Baptised, Bruton Parish Church, 1782&#58;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>;Baptised, Bruton Parish Church, 1782&#58;</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Issac<ref>Issac was recorded as a son of Fanny. John Vogt, ed., ''Register for Bruton Parish, Virginia, 1662-1797'' (Athens, GA: New Papyrus, 2004), 59.</ref><br /><br /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Issac<ref>Issac was recorded as a son of Fanny. John Vogt, ed., ''Register for Bruton Parish, Virginia, 1662-1797'' (Athens, GA: New Papyrus, 2004), 59.</ref><br /><br /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>;Visited by Drs. Galt and Barraud, 1782-1789&#58;<ref>It is possible that some of the slaves mentioned here were accompanying visitors from the Taliaferro family, and did not belong to the Wythes, but all the names here appear on the tax rolls from about this time. Ms Account Ledger of Drs. Galt and Barraud, Williamsburg physicians, 1783-1792, 2, 156, 160. Cited in Mary A. Stephenson, [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/view/index.cfm?doc=ResearchReports\RR1483.xml ''George Wythe House Historical Report, Block 21''] (Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library, 1952).</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>;Visited by Drs. Galt and Barraud, 1782-1789&#58;<ref>It is possible that some of the slaves mentioned here were accompanying visitors from the Taliaferro family, and did not belong to the Wythes, but all the names here appear on the tax rolls from about this time. Ms Account Ledger of Drs. Galt and Barraud, Williamsburg physicians, 1783-1792, 2, 156, 160. Cited in Mary A. Stephenson, [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/view/index.cfm?doc=ResearchReports\RR1483.xml ''George Wythe House Historical Report, Block 21''] (Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library, 1952).</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Betty</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Betty</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Charles</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Charles</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As noted above, George Wythe did own slaves. Records from 1748 document Wythe's sale of an enslaved Black girl, Lucy, to his mother's brother-in-law.<ref>Indenture of George Wythe, May 3, 1748, ''Deeds, Wills, Etc., 1736-1753,'' 282, Elizabeth City County Records. ''Cf.'' entry of that date, ''Order Book, 1747-1755,'' 33. Cited in William Edwin Hemphill, "[[George Wythe the Colonial Briton#Page 49|George Wythe the Colonial Briton: A Biographical Study of the Pre-Revolutionary Era in Virginia]]" (PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1937), 49.</ref> In 1776 one of Wythe's slaves, a man named Charles, was placed in the Williamsburg jail for an unknown charge and later sentenced to work in the lead mines in western Virginia.<ref>H.R. McIlwaine, ed., [[Journal of the the Council of the State of Virginia, 13 July 1776|''Journals of the Council of the State of Virginia'']] (Richmond, VA: The Virginia State Library, 1931), 1:70-71. It is unclear why Charles was put in jail or how long he worked in the lead mines. It is possible that Charles was the same enslaved man freed by Wythe in 1787: Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report.''</ref> For some authors, Wythe's involvement in slavery, both owning and selling them, supports the conclusion that Wythe's opinions on slavery developed later in his life.<ref>Clarkin, ''Serene Patriot'', 9.</ref> However, prior to the passage of [https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/An_act_to_authorize_the_manumission_of_slaves_1782 "An Act to Authorize the Manumission of Slaves"] (1782), Virginia law prohibited slave owners from freeing slaves without the government's permission.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=S8lOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 "An Act to Authorize the Manumission of Slaves."] William Waller Hening, ed., ''Statutes at Large,'' Vol. 11, 6 May 1782 (Richmond, VA: Samuel Pleasants, 1823), 39. Private manumission laws were necessary for any future abolition in the South. Winthrop D. Jordan, ''White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 347. Prior to this law, private manumission was forbidden in Virginia. Robert M. Cover, ''Justice Accused: Antislavery and the Judicial Process'', (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975) 67.</ref> Under the Manumission Act, Wythe freed most of his remaining slaves in 1787.<ref>Lydia Broadnax was manumitted in September, 1787, followed by two slaves, Polly and Charles. [https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA307 York County Records,] September Court, 1787, ''Order Book 5 (1784-1787),'' 504; ''Deed Book 6, (1777-1791),'' 190, 371. Cited in Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report''.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As noted above, George Wythe did own slaves. Records from 1748 document Wythe's sale of an enslaved Black girl, Lucy, to his mother's brother-in-law.<ref>Indenture of George Wythe, May 3, 1748, ''Deeds, Wills, Etc., 1736-1753,'' 282, Elizabeth City County Records. ''Cf.'' entry of that date, ''Order Book, 1747-1755,'' 33. Cited in William Edwin Hemphill, "[[George Wythe the Colonial Briton#Page 49|George Wythe the Colonial Briton: A Biographical Study of the Pre-Revolutionary Era in Virginia]]" (PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1937), 49.</ref> In 1776 one of Wythe's slaves, a man named Charles, was placed in the Williamsburg jail for an unknown charge and later sentenced to work in the lead mines in western Virginia.<ref>H.R. McIlwaine, ed., [[Journal of the the Council of the State of Virginia, 13 July 1776|''Journals of the Council of the State of Virginia'']] (Richmond, VA: The Virginia State Library, 1931), 1:70-71. It is unclear why Charles was put in jail or how long he worked in the lead mines. It is possible that Charles was the same enslaved man freed by Wythe in 1787: Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report.''</ref> For some authors, Wythe's involvement in slavery, both owning and selling them, supports the conclusion that Wythe's opinions on slavery developed later in his life.<ref>Clarkin, ''Serene Patriot'', 9.</ref> However, prior to the passage of [https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/An_act_to_authorize_the_manumission_of_slaves_1782 "An Act to Authorize the Manumission of Slaves"] (1782), Virginia law prohibited slave owners from freeing slaves without the government's permission.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=S8lOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 "An Act to Authorize the Manumission of Slaves."] William Waller Hening, ed., ''Statutes at Large,'' Vol. 11, 6 May 1782 (Richmond, VA: Samuel Pleasants, 1823), 39. Private manumission laws were necessary for any future abolition in the South. Winthrop D. Jordan, ''White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 347. Prior to this law, private manumission was forbidden in Virginia. Robert M. Cover, ''Justice Accused: Antislavery and the Judicial Process'', (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975) 67.</ref> Under the Manumission Act, Wythe freed most of his remaining slaves in 1787.<ref>Lydia Broadnax was manumitted in September, 1787, followed by two slaves, Polly and Charles. [https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA307 York County Records,] September Court, 1787, ''Order Book 5 (1784-1787),'' 504; ''Deed Book 6, (1777-1791),'' 190, 371. Cited in Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report''.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At any given time, Wythe likely had ten to twenty enslaved people at his home in Williamsburg. The 1783 Williamsburg Personal Property Tax recorded that Wythe had fourteen slaves, but by 1788, that number had dwindled to three.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Upon the death of Wythe's wife, [[Elizabeth Taliaferro Wythe]] in 1787, Wythe gave eleven of his slaves to the children of his brother-in-law, Richard Taliaferro.<ref>Tyler, "George Wythe's Gift," 125-126.</ref> It is likely that those slaves were originally a part of Elizabeth's inheritance from her father.<ref>Lyon G. Tyler, "[[Will of Richard Taliaferro]]," ''William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine'' 12, no. 2 (October 1903), 124-125; Robert B. Kirtland, ''George Wythe: Lawyer, Revolutionary, Judge'' (New York: Garland, 1986), 140.</ref> The law may have required Wythe to return "property" that belonged to Elizabeth back to her father, because the couple were childless and  Elizabeth died without an heir.<ref>Tyler, "Will of Richard Taliaferro," 124-125.</ref> Wythe did free the last three slaves that he owned in 1788.<ref>Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report'' (citing the 1787-1788 York County records).</ref> [[Lydia Broadnax]] &mdash; Wythe's cook for years in Williamsburg and in Richmond &mdash; was one of them. There is some dispute about the number of slaves that Wythe freed or transferred at this time, but most sources conclude that after Elizabeth's death, Wythe rid himself of all of his personal slaves through one means or another.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 141;  Holt, Wythe, "[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%205/Holt.pdf George Wythe: Early Modern Judge]," ''Alabama Law Review'' 58, no. 5 (2007): 1026 (stating that Wythe had seventeen slaves total in 1784 and that he transferred thirteen of those slaves after his wife's death); Bailey, ''Jefferson's Second Father'', 195 (stating that the total number of transferred slaves was sixteen).</ref>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At any given time, Wythe likely had ten to twenty enslaved people at his home in Williamsburg. The 1783 Williamsburg Personal Property Tax recorded that Wythe had fourteen slaves, but by 1788, that number had dwindled to three.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Upon the death of Wythe's wife, [[Elizabeth Taliaferro Wythe]] in 1787, Wythe gave eleven of his slaves to the children of his brother-in-law, Richard Taliaferro.<ref>Tyler, "George Wythe's Gift," 125-126.</ref> It is likely that those slaves were originally a part of Elizabeth's inheritance from her father.<ref>Lyon G. Tyler, "[[Will of Richard Taliaferro]]," ''William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine'' 12, no. 2 (October 1903), 124-125; Robert B. Kirtland, ''George Wythe: Lawyer, Revolutionary, Judge'' (New York: Garland, 1986), 140.</ref> The law may have required Wythe to return "property" that belonged to Elizabeth back to her father, because the couple were childless and  Elizabeth died without an heir.<ref>Tyler, "Will of Richard Taliaferro," 124-125.</ref> Wythe did free the last three slaves that he owned in 1788.<ref>Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report'' (citing the 1787-1788 York County records).</ref> [[Lydia Broadnax]] &mdash; Wythe's cook for years in Williamsburg and in Richmond &mdash; was one of them. There is some dispute about the number of slaves that Wythe freed or transferred at this time, but most sources conclude that after Elizabeth's death, Wythe rid himself of all of his personal slaves through one means or another.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 141;  Holt, Wythe, "[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%205/Holt.pdf George Wythe: Early Modern Judge]," ''Alabama Law Review'' 58, no. 5 (2007): 1026 (stating that Wythe had seventeen slaves total in 1784 and that he transferred thirteen of those slaves after his wife's death); Bailey, ''Jefferson's Second Father'', 195 (stating that the total number of transferred slaves was sixteen).</ref>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Along with the slaves in Williamsburg, Wythe also owned slaves at the Chesterville family plantation in what is now Hampton, Virginia.<ref>John Nierson, ''[[Complaint regarding the estate of Frances Wythe|Complaint regarding the estate of Frances Wythe]],'' c. 1793, Norfolk County Court Records, Library of Virginia.</ref> In his will, Wythe's older brother, Thomas, bequeathed his slaves equally between his wife, Frances Wythe, and his niece, Uphan Sweeney Claiborne.<ref>Ibid.</ref> According to a 1793 complaint filed with the Norfolk County court, George Wythe "purchased of his Brothers widow all her right to the said slaves."<ref>Ibid.</ref> The plantation, along with Frances Wythe's slaves, transferred to the ownership of George Wythe. As for the slaves bequeathed to his niece, Wythe, "by desire of his mother, without receiving any consideration," gave at least ten slaves to his niece and her husband Thomas Claiborne. It is unclear how many slaves were left at the Chesterville plantation after this transfer. We know that Wythe spent little time at the plantation, instead hiring a manager to watch over the land and his slaves.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 85.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Along with the slaves in Williamsburg, Wythe also owned slaves at the Chesterville family plantation in what is now Hampton, Virginia.<ref>John Nierson, ''[[Complaint regarding the estate of Frances Wythe|Complaint regarding the estate of Frances Wythe]],'' c. 1793, Norfolk County Court Records, Library of Virginia.</ref> In his will, Wythe's older brother, Thomas, bequeathed his slaves equally between his wife, Frances Wythe, and his niece, Uphan Sweeney Claiborne.<ref>Ibid.</ref> According to a 1793 complaint filed with the Norfolk County court, George Wythe "purchased of his Brothers widow all her right to the said slaves."<ref>Ibid.</ref> The plantation, along with Frances Wythe's slaves, transferred to the ownership of George Wythe. As for the slaves bequeathed to his niece, Wythe, "by desire of his mother, without receiving any consideration," gave at least ten slaves to his niece and her husband Thomas Claiborne. It is unclear how many slaves were left at the Chesterville plantation after this transfer. We know that Wythe spent little time at the plantation, instead hiring a manager to watch over the land and his slaves.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 85.</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Wythe as Teacher: The Influence of His Anti-Slavery Views==  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Wythe as Teacher: The Influence of His Anti-Slavery Views==  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:DeWeldonWythe1954.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Marble bust of George Wythe by [[wikipedia:Felix de Weldon|Felix de Weldon]], 1954. At [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://law.wm.edu/ William & Mary Law School].]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:DeWeldonWythe1954.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Marble bust of George Wythe by [[wikipedia:Felix de Weldon|Felix de Weldon]], 1954. At [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://law.wm.edu/ William & Mary Law School].]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wythe's views on morality and slavery also influenced his students.<ref>Jefferson to Price, 357; Hunter, "The Teaching of George Wythe," 156.</ref> While being taught by Wythe, Peter Carr wrote to Jefferson that Wythe "adds advice and lessons of morality, which are not pleasing and instructive now, but will be (I hope) of real utility in the future."<ref>[[Jefferson-Carr Correspondence|Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 18 April 1787]]</ref> These lessons of morality likely included the topic of slavery.<ref>Wolf, ''Race and Liberty in the New Nation,'' 104.</ref> Thomas Jefferson's most quoted statement about Wythe being "unequivocal" on the issue of slavery, was written in the context of Wythe's teaching influence.<ref>Jefferson to Price, 357.</ref> In 1785, Jefferson wrote Richard Price that because of Wythe's influence, "the future decision on this important question would be great, perhaps decisive."<ref>Ibid.</ref> The men who studied under Wythe likely emerged from his tutelage with at least a theoretical opposition to slavery.<ref>Ely, ''Israel on the Appomattox'', 23. </ref> Even Jefferson, who may have not have practiced his beliefs, asserted that the system of slavery was inconsistent with the American experiment,<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 74; McColley, ''Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia'', 125 (for support that Jefferson's views on slavery were influenced by his pre-revolution education with George Wythe).</ref> and he fought for emancipation during his early time in the Virginia legislature.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 74. </ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wythe's views on morality and slavery also influenced his students.<ref>Jefferson to Price, 357; Hunter, "The Teaching of George Wythe," 156.</ref> While being taught by Wythe, Peter Carr wrote to Jefferson that Wythe "adds advice and lessons of morality, which are not pleasing and instructive now, but will be (I hope) of real utility in the future."<ref>[[Jefferson-Carr Correspondence|Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 18 April 1787]]</ref> These lessons of morality likely included the topic of slavery.<ref>Wolf, ''Race and Liberty in the New Nation,'' 104.</ref> Thomas Jefferson's most quoted statement about Wythe being "unequivocal" on the issue of slavery, was written in the context of Wythe's teaching influence.<ref>Jefferson to Price, 357.</ref> In 1785, Jefferson wrote Richard Price that because of Wythe's influence, "the future decision on this important question would be great, perhaps decisive."<ref>Ibid.</ref> The men who studied under Wythe likely emerged from his tutelage with at least a theoretical opposition to slavery.<ref>Ely, ''Israel on the Appomattox'', 23. </ref> Even Jefferson, who may have not have practiced his beliefs, asserted that the system of slavery was inconsistent with the American experiment,<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 74; McColley, ''Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia'', 125 (for support that Jefferson's views on slavery were influenced by his pre-revolution education with George Wythe).</ref> and he fought for emancipation during his early time in the Virginia legislature.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 74. </ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Lktesarhttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_and_Slavery&diff=73577&oldid=prevGwsweeney: /* Wythe's Death and Slavery */2023-05-11T20:51:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Wythe's Death and Slavery</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Wythe's Death and Slavery==  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Wythe's Death and Slavery==  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The circumstances surrounding [[Death of George Wythe|Wythe's death]] also reveal insight into his views on slavery. Most historians agree that Wythe died as a result of arsenic poisoning by his heir and great nephew, George Wythe Sweeney. At the time of his death, Wythe had completely eliminated all ties to the institution of slavery from his personal life.<ref>Henry Clay acknowledges that before Wythe devised his estate, he had emancipated all his slaves. Henry Clay to B.B. Minor, ''Decisions of Cases in Virginia'', xxxv.</ref> He also had incorporated into practice his philosophical teachings about the equality of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blacks</del>.<ref>Julian P. Boyd, "The Murder of George Wythe," in The Murder of George Wythe: Two Essays (Williamsburg, VA: Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1955), 24. </ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The circumstances surrounding [[Death of George Wythe|Wythe's death]] also reveal insight into his views on slavery. Most historians agree that Wythe died as a result of arsenic poisoning by his heir and great nephew, George Wythe Sweeney. At the time of his death, Wythe had completely eliminated all ties to the institution of slavery from his personal life.<ref>Henry Clay acknowledges that before Wythe devised his estate, he had emancipated all his slaves. Henry Clay to B.B. Minor, ''Decisions of Cases in Virginia'', xxxv.</ref> He also had incorporated into practice his philosophical teachings about the equality of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Blacks</ins>.<ref>Julian P. Boyd, "The Murder of George Wythe," in The Murder of George Wythe: Two Essays (Williamsburg, VA: Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1955), 24. </ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The choices Wythe made concerning his estate and his free <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">black </del>servants may have influenced the circumstances surrounding the Chancellor's poisoning. In early 1806, Wythe changed his will to provide for a greater portion of his estate to go to Michael Brown, his freed student.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 135.</ref> Wythe also left parts of his estate to Lydia Broadnax and Benjamin.<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''.</ref> Specifically, Wythe requested that money from his estate be used to, "support [his] freed woman Lydia Broadnax, and [his] freed man Benjamin, and [his] freed boy Michael Brown."<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''; Goodrich, ''Lives of the Signers'', 370.</ref> In the event that Lydia and Benjamin died, their portion would go completely to Michael Brown.<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''.</ref> This inevitably took some of the inheritance away from Wythe's other heir, Sweeney.<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''.</ref> There have been many reasons offered why Sweeney poisoned Wythe and the members of his household.<ref>"[[Murder of George Wythe|The Murder of George Wythe]]," Wythepedia, accessed December 2, 2017.</ref> Some authors suggest that it resulted from Wythe's choice to publicly display his belief that freed persons of color should be treated equally to white persons.<ref>Ely, "Racial Equality and the Snares of Prejudice," 328; Holt, "George Wythe," 1038.</ref> At the time of his death, Wythe appears to have been the only southern antebellum founder to believe in the full humanity of the Black race and the only judge to attempt to judicially undermine slavery.<ref>Holt, "George Wythe: Early Modern Judge," 1038.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The choices Wythe made concerning his estate and his free <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Black </ins>servants may have influenced the circumstances surrounding the Chancellor's poisoning. In early 1806, Wythe changed his will to provide for a greater portion of his estate to go to Michael Brown, his freed student.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 135.</ref> Wythe also left parts of his estate to Lydia Broadnax and Benjamin.<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''.</ref> Specifically, Wythe requested that money from his estate be used to, "support [his] freed woman Lydia Broadnax, and [his] freed man Benjamin, and [his] freed boy Michael Brown."<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''; Goodrich, ''Lives of the Signers'', 370.</ref> In the event that Lydia and Benjamin died, their portion would go completely to Michael Brown.<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''.</ref> This inevitably took some of the inheritance away from Wythe's other heir, Sweeney.<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''.</ref> There have been many reasons offered why Sweeney poisoned Wythe and the members of his household.<ref>"[[Murder of George Wythe|The Murder of George Wythe]]," Wythepedia, accessed December 2, 2017.</ref> Some authors suggest that it resulted from Wythe's choice to publicly display his belief that freed persons of color should be treated equally to white persons.<ref>Ely, "Racial Equality and the Snares of Prejudice," 328; Holt, "George Wythe," 1038.</ref> At the time of his death, Wythe appears to have been the only southern antebellum founder to believe in the full humanity of the Black race and the only judge to attempt to judicially undermine slavery.<ref>Holt, "George Wythe: Early Modern Judge," 1038.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Wythe as Teacher: The Influence of His Anti-Slavery Views==  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Wythe as Teacher: The Influence of His Anti-Slavery Views==  </div></td></tr>
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</table>Gwsweeneyhttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_and_Slavery&diff=73576&oldid=prevGwsweeney: /* Wythe's Slaves */2023-05-11T20:45:14Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Wythe's Slaves</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:45, 11 May 2023</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l113" >Line 113:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wythe's treatment of his freed slaves suggests that he regarded them to be the same as white persons. Wythe not only paid Lydia for her cooking services, but also provided her housing apart from his residence in Richmond.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163, fn.14; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57.</ref> Additionally, Wythe made sure that other people paid Lydia when she worked in her capacity as a paid servant.<ref>Brown, ''American Aristides'', 299.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wythe's treatment of his freed slaves suggests that he regarded them to be the same as white persons. Wythe not only paid Lydia for her cooking services, but also provided her housing apart from his residence in Richmond.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163, fn.14; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57.</ref> Additionally, Wythe made sure that other people paid Lydia when she worked in her capacity as a paid servant.<ref>Brown, ''American Aristides'', 299.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As for Michael Brown, there is no clear consensus as to where he came from. We do know that Wythe took it upon himself to educate Brown as he would any other student, including teaching him Latin and Greek.<ref>Goodrich, ''Lives of the Signers'', 370; Holt, "George Wythe: Early Modern Judge," 1026. There has been some speculation that Brown was either a free black child or an orphan sent to Wythe for teaching. Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 59.</ref> In his will, Wythe devised the estate so that Lydia, Ben, and Michael each received a portion.<ref>Brown, ''American Aristides'', 300.</ref> Wythe also requested that Jefferson teach Brown after Wythe's death, furthering his belief that the boy should be educated like his white counterparts.<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''; Brown, ''American Aristides'', 300.</ref> This, however, never came to pass because Brown died at the same time as Wythe, most likely at the hands of [[George Wythe Sweeney]], Wythe's great nephew.<ref>Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', 80.</ref> Broadnax was the only freed <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">servant that </del>survived Wythe's death.<ref>Ibid.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As for Michael Brown, there is no clear consensus as to where he came from. We do know that Wythe took it upon himself to educate Brown as he would any other student, including teaching him Latin and Greek.<ref>Goodrich, ''Lives of the Signers'', 370; Holt, "George Wythe: Early Modern Judge," 1026. There has been some speculation that Brown was either a free black child or an orphan sent to Wythe for teaching. Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 59.</ref> In his will, Wythe devised the estate so that Lydia, Ben, and Michael each received a portion.<ref>Brown, ''American Aristides'', 300.</ref> Wythe also requested that Jefferson teach Brown after Wythe's death, furthering his belief that the boy should be educated like his white counterparts.<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''; Brown, ''American Aristides'', 300.</ref> This, however, never came to pass because Brown died at the same time as Wythe, most likely at the hands of [[George Wythe Sweeney]], Wythe's great nephew.<ref>Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', 80.</ref> Broadnax was the only freed <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">person who </ins>survived Wythe's death.<ref>Ibid.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Wythe's Views on Slavery==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Wythe's Views on Slavery==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Gwsweeneyhttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_and_Slavery&diff=73575&oldid=prevGwsweeney: /* Wythe's Slaves */2023-05-11T20:42:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Wythe's Slaves</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:42, 11 May 2023</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lydia Broadnax continued to work as Wythe's cook, as a free woman, until his death.<ref>Imogene E. Brown, ''American Aristides: A Biography of George Wythe'' (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1981), 266-267.</ref> When Wythe moved to Richmond in 1790, Lydia followed. There has been some speculation that an interracial relationship existed between Broadnax and Wythe.<ref>Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 55-57.</ref> This speculation suggests that [[Michael Brown]] &mdash; a mulatto boy who also lived with Wythe &mdash; was the son of Broadnax and Wythe.<ref>Brown, 300; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57. </ref> However, this theory has been largely debunked.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163.</ref> Wythe and Broadnax's age provide the strongest argument against this allegation. Broadnax would have been in her fifties and Wythe in his late sixties at the time of Brown's birth.<ref>Henry Clay remembered Lydia as being an "old woman" during his time in the Wythe home. Henry Clay to B.B. Minor, 3 May 1851, in "[[Memoir of the Author#Pafe xxxii|Memoir of the Author]]," ''Decisions of Cases in Virginia, by the High Court of Chancery, with Remarks upon Decrees by the Court of Appeals, Reversing Some of Those Decision,'' by George Wythe, ed. B.B. Minor (Richmond, VA: J.W. Randolph, 1852), xxxvi; Brown, 299; Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163 fn.13; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57.</ref> The allegation first appears in a document known as the [[Dove Memo|Dove memo]], a statement by Dr. John Dove of his memories surrounding Wythe's death. The Dove memo has been regarded as an untrustworthy source due to the circumstances surrounding its creation.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163, fn.12; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57; "[[Dove Memo|Memoranda Concerning the Death of Chancellor Wythe]]," Wythepedia, accessed December 2, 2017.</ref> Most authors conclude that the allegation of impermissible relations between Broadnax and Wythe was likely fabricated.<ref>Brown, ''American Aristides'', 299-300; Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 60, 77.</ref> It is more likely that Lydia was married to Benjamin, another freed slave who worked for Wythe.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 164; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57 (citing Cathy Hellier (as "Helier"), ''George Wythe's Slaves in Williamsburg'', [Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1987]). Ben, however, was not manumitted until 1797, along with James (Jemmy). Morgan, 80, fn.13, citing Henrico County Deed Book 5, 201-202.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lydia Broadnax continued to work as Wythe's cook, as a free woman, until his death.<ref>Imogene E. Brown, ''American Aristides: A Biography of George Wythe'' (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1981), 266-267.</ref> When Wythe moved to Richmond in 1790, Lydia followed. There has been some speculation that an interracial relationship existed between Broadnax and Wythe.<ref>Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 55-57.</ref> This speculation suggests that [[Michael Brown]] &mdash; a mulatto boy who also lived with Wythe &mdash; was the son of Broadnax and Wythe.<ref>Brown, 300; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57. </ref> However, this theory has been largely debunked.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163.</ref> Wythe and Broadnax's age provide the strongest argument against this allegation. Broadnax would have been in her fifties and Wythe in his late sixties at the time of Brown's birth.<ref>Henry Clay remembered Lydia as being an "old woman" during his time in the Wythe home. Henry Clay to B.B. Minor, 3 May 1851, in "[[Memoir of the Author#Pafe xxxii|Memoir of the Author]]," ''Decisions of Cases in Virginia, by the High Court of Chancery, with Remarks upon Decrees by the Court of Appeals, Reversing Some of Those Decision,'' by George Wythe, ed. B.B. Minor (Richmond, VA: J.W. Randolph, 1852), xxxvi; Brown, 299; Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163 fn.13; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57.</ref> The allegation first appears in a document known as the [[Dove Memo|Dove memo]], a statement by Dr. John Dove of his memories surrounding Wythe's death. The Dove memo has been regarded as an untrustworthy source due to the circumstances surrounding its creation.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163, fn.12; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57; "[[Dove Memo|Memoranda Concerning the Death of Chancellor Wythe]]," Wythepedia, accessed December 2, 2017.</ref> Most authors conclude that the allegation of impermissible relations between Broadnax and Wythe was likely fabricated.<ref>Brown, ''American Aristides'', 299-300; Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 60, 77.</ref> It is more likely that Lydia was married to Benjamin, another freed slave who worked for Wythe.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 164; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57 (citing Cathy Hellier (as "Helier"), ''George Wythe's Slaves in Williamsburg'', [Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1987]). Ben, however, was not manumitted until 1797, along with James (Jemmy). Morgan, 80, fn.13, citing Henrico County Deed Book 5, 201-202.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wythe's treatment of his freed slaves suggests that he regarded them to be the same as white persons. Wythe not only paid Lydia for her cooking services, but also provided her housing apart from his residence.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163, fn.14; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57.</ref> Additionally, Wythe made sure that other people paid Lydia when she worked in her capacity as a paid servant.<ref>Brown, ''American Aristides'', 299.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wythe's treatment of his freed slaves suggests that he regarded them to be the same as white persons. Wythe not only paid Lydia for her cooking services, but also provided her housing apart from his residence <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in Richmond</ins>.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 163, fn.14; Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 57.</ref> Additionally, Wythe made sure that other people paid Lydia when she worked in her capacity as a paid servant.<ref>Brown, ''American Aristides'', 299.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As for Michael Brown, there is no clear consensus as to where he came from. We do know that Wythe took it upon himself to educate Brown as he would any other student, including teaching him Latin and Greek.<ref>Goodrich, ''Lives of the Signers'', 370; Holt, "George Wythe: Early Modern Judge," 1026. There has been some speculation that Brown was either a free black child or an orphan sent to Wythe for teaching. Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 59.</ref> In his will, Wythe devised the estate so that Lydia, Ben, and Michael each received a portion.<ref>Brown, ''American Aristides'', 300.</ref> Wythe also requested that Jefferson teach Brown after Wythe's death, furthering his belief that the boy should be educated like his white counterparts.<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''; Brown, ''American Aristides'', 300.</ref> This, however, never came to pass because Brown died at the same time as Wythe, most likely at the hands of [[George Wythe Sweeney]], Wythe's great nephew.<ref>Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', 80.</ref> Broadnax was the only freed servant that survived Wythe's death.<ref>Ibid.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As for Michael Brown, there is no clear consensus as to where he came from. We do know that Wythe took it upon himself to educate Brown as he would any other student, including teaching him Latin and Greek.<ref>Goodrich, ''Lives of the Signers'', 370; Holt, "George Wythe: Early Modern Judge," 1026. There has been some speculation that Brown was either a free black child or an orphan sent to Wythe for teaching. Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake," 59.</ref> In his will, Wythe devised the estate so that Lydia, Ben, and Michael each received a portion.<ref>Brown, ''American Aristides'', 300.</ref> Wythe also requested that Jefferson teach Brown after Wythe's death, furthering his belief that the boy should be educated like his white counterparts.<ref>Wythe, ''Last Will and Testament''; Brown, ''American Aristides'', 300.</ref> This, however, never came to pass because Brown died at the same time as Wythe, most likely at the hands of [[George Wythe Sweeney]], Wythe's great nephew.<ref>Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', 80.</ref> Broadnax was the only freed servant that survived Wythe's death.<ref>Ibid.</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Gwsweeneyhttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_and_Slavery&diff=73574&oldid=prevGwsweeney: /* Wythe's Slaves */2023-05-11T20:41:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Wythe's Slaves</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:ChestervillePhiladelphiaGazette5February1795p3.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Advertisement for the sale of [[Chesterville]], ''Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser'', February 5, 1795, p.3.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:ChestervillePhiladelphiaGazette5February1795p3.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Advertisement for the sale of [[Chesterville]], ''Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser'', February 5, 1795, p.3.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wythe tasked Daniel L. Hylton to sell Chesterville.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 303 (citing Elizabeth City County, Deeds and Wills Book).</ref> This suggests that Wythe transferred the deed to Hylton, rather than just hiring him to sell it. A 1795 advertisement indicates that at least some slaves were included in the first attempt to sell the plantation.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 123; Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 304.</ref> It described the plantation's advantages as including 920 acres of good land, an orchard, livestock and "some negroes," outbuildings and a new<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>brick<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>house.<ref>Advertisement, [[:File:ChestervillePhiladelphiaGazette5February1795p3.jpg|''Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser'']], 5 February 1795, 3.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wythe tasked Daniel L. Hylton to sell Chesterville.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 303 (citing Elizabeth City County, Deeds and Wills Book).</ref> This suggests that Wythe transferred the deed to Hylton, rather than just hiring him to sell it. A 1795 advertisement indicates that at least some slaves were included in the first attempt to sell the plantation.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 123; Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 304.</ref> It described the plantation's advantages as including 920 acres of good land, an orchard, livestock and "some negroes," outbuildings and a new brick house.<ref>Advertisement, [[:File:ChestervillePhiladelphiaGazette5February1795p3.jpg|''Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser'']], 5 February 1795, 3.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wythe's first attempt to sell Chesterville was unsuccessful; Hylton did not manage to restore and sell the land, so Wythe forced a sheriff's sale and reacquired the deed.<ref>Ibid.</ref>  Wythe finally sold Chesterville to Holder Hudgins in 1801 without making a large profit.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 304; Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 123.</ref> Some authors suggest, considering that Wythe freed his personal slaves earlier, that Wythe's lack of profit in the sale supports the argument that he also freed those slaves left at Chesterville.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 123.</ref> The lack of profit, however, could also be explained if the sale included only a few elderly slaves. Unfortunately, the relevant Elizabeth County property records were destroyed during the Civil War, making it impossible to know exactly what transpired.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 10.</ref>  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wythe's first attempt to sell Chesterville was unsuccessful; Hylton did not manage to restore and sell the land, so Wythe forced a sheriff's sale and reacquired the deed.<ref>Ibid.</ref>  Wythe finally sold Chesterville to Holder Hudgins in 1801 without making a large profit.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 304; Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 123.</ref> Some authors suggest, considering that Wythe freed his personal slaves earlier, that Wythe's lack of profit in the sale supports the argument that he also freed those slaves left at Chesterville.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 123.</ref> The lack of profit, however, could also be explained if the sale included only a few elderly slaves. Unfortunately, the relevant Elizabeth County property records were destroyed during the Civil War, making it impossible to know exactly what transpired.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 10.</ref>  </div></td></tr>
</table>Gwsweeneyhttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_and_Slavery&diff=73573&oldid=prevGwsweeney: /* Wythe's Slaves */2023-05-11T20:39:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Wythe's Slaves</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Wythe's Slaves==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Wythe's Slaves==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As noted above, George Wythe did own slaves. Records from 1748 document Wythe's sale of an enslaved Black girl, Lucy, to his mother's brother-in-law.<ref>Indenture of George Wythe, May 3, 1748, ''Deeds, Wills, Etc., 1736-1753,'' 282, Elizabeth City County Records. ''Cf.'' entry of that date, ''Order Book, 1747-1755,'' 33. Cited in William Edwin Hemphill, "[[George Wythe the Colonial Briton#Page 49|George Wythe the Colonial Briton: A Biographical Study of the Pre-Revolutionary Era in Virginia]]" (PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1937), 49.</ref> In 1776 one of Wythe's slaves, a man named Charles, was placed in the Williamsburg jail for an unknown charge and later sentenced to work in the lead mines in western Virginia.<ref>H.R. McIlwaine, ed., [[Journal of the the Council of the State of Virginia, 13 July 1776|''Journals of the Council of the State of Virginia'']] (Richmond, VA: The Virginia State Library, 1931), 1:70-71. It is unclear why Charles was put in jail or how long he worked in the lead mines. It is possible that Charles was the same enslaved man freed by Wythe in 1787: Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report.''</ref> For some authors, Wythe's involvement in slavery, both owning and selling them, supports the conclusion that Wythe's opinions on slavery developed later in his life.<ref>Clarkin, ''Serene Patriot'', 9.</ref> However, prior to the passage of [https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/An_act_to_authorize_the_manumission_of_slaves_1782 "An Act to Authorize the Manumission of Slaves"] (1782), Virginia law prohibited slave owners from freeing slaves without the government's permission.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=S8lOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 "An Act to Authorize the Manumission of Slaves."] William Waller Hening, ed., ''Statutes at Large,'' Vol. 11, 6 May 1782 (Richmond, VA: Samuel Pleasants, 1823), 39. Private manumission laws were necessary for any future abolition in the South. Winthrop D. Jordan, ''White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 347. Prior to this law, private manumission was forbidden in Virginia. Robert M. Cover, ''Justice Accused: Antislavery and the Judicial Process'', (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975) 67.</ref> Under the Manumission Act, Wythe freed most of his slaves in 1787.<ref>Lydia Broadnax was manumitted in September, 1787, followed by two slaves, Polly and Charles. [https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA307 York County Records,] September Court, 1787, ''Order Book 5 (1784-1787),'' 504; ''Deed Book 6, (1777-1791),'' 190, 371. Cited in Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report''.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As noted above, George Wythe did own slaves. Records from 1748 document Wythe's sale of an enslaved Black girl, Lucy, to his mother's brother-in-law.<ref>Indenture of George Wythe, May 3, 1748, ''Deeds, Wills, Etc., 1736-1753,'' 282, Elizabeth City County Records. ''Cf.'' entry of that date, ''Order Book, 1747-1755,'' 33. Cited in William Edwin Hemphill, "[[George Wythe the Colonial Briton#Page 49|George Wythe the Colonial Briton: A Biographical Study of the Pre-Revolutionary Era in Virginia]]" (PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1937), 49.</ref> In 1776 one of Wythe's slaves, a man named Charles, was placed in the Williamsburg jail for an unknown charge and later sentenced to work in the lead mines in western Virginia.<ref>H.R. McIlwaine, ed., [[Journal of the the Council of the State of Virginia, 13 July 1776|''Journals of the Council of the State of Virginia'']] (Richmond, VA: The Virginia State Library, 1931), 1:70-71. It is unclear why Charles was put in jail or how long he worked in the lead mines. It is possible that Charles was the same enslaved man freed by Wythe in 1787: Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report.''</ref> For some authors, Wythe's involvement in slavery, both owning and selling them, supports the conclusion that Wythe's opinions on slavery developed later in his life.<ref>Clarkin, ''Serene Patriot'', 9.</ref> However, prior to the passage of [https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/An_act_to_authorize_the_manumission_of_slaves_1782 "An Act to Authorize the Manumission of Slaves"] (1782), Virginia law prohibited slave owners from freeing slaves without the government's permission.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=S8lOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 "An Act to Authorize the Manumission of Slaves."] William Waller Hening, ed., ''Statutes at Large,'' Vol. 11, 6 May 1782 (Richmond, VA: Samuel Pleasants, 1823), 39. Private manumission laws were necessary for any future abolition in the South. Winthrop D. Jordan, ''White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro'' (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 347. Prior to this law, private manumission was forbidden in Virginia. Robert M. Cover, ''Justice Accused: Antislavery and the Judicial Process'', (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975) 67.</ref> Under the Manumission Act, Wythe freed most of his <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">remaining </ins>slaves in 1787.<ref>Lydia Broadnax was manumitted in September, 1787, followed by two slaves, Polly and Charles. [https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/local/results_all.asp?CountyID=VA307 York County Records,] September Court, 1787, ''Order Book 5 (1784-1787),'' 504; ''Deed Book 6, (1777-1791),'' 190, 371. Cited in Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report''.</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At any given time, Wythe likely had ten to twenty enslaved people at his home in Williamsburg. The 1783 Williamsburg Personal Property Tax recorded that Wythe had fourteen slaves, but by 1788, that number had dwindled to three.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Upon the death of Wythe's wife, [[Elizabeth Taliaferro Wythe]] in 1787, Wythe gave eleven of his slaves to the children of his brother-in-law, Richard Taliaferro.<ref>Tyler, "George Wythe's Gift," 125-126.</ref> It is likely that those slaves were originally a part of Elizabeth's inheritance from her father.<ref>Lyon G. Tyler, "[[Will of Richard Taliaferro]]," ''William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine'' 12, no. 2 (October 1903), 124-125; Robert B. Kirtland, ''George Wythe: Lawyer, Revolutionary, Judge'' (New York: Garland, 1986), 140.</ref> The law may have required Wythe to return "property" that belonged to Elizabeth back to her father, because the couple were childless and  Elizabeth died without an heir.<ref>Tyler, "Will of Richard Taliaferro," 124-125.</ref> Wythe did free the last three slaves that he owned in 1788.<ref>Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report'' (citing the 1787-1788 York County records).</ref> [[Lydia Broadnax]] &mdash; Wythe's cook for years in Williamsburg and in Richmond &mdash; was one of them. There is some dispute about the number of slaves that Wythe freed or transferred at this time, but most sources conclude that after Elizabeth's death, Wythe rid himself of all of his personal slaves through one means or another.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 141;  Holt, Wythe, "[http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%205/Holt.pdf George Wythe: Early Modern Judge]," ''Alabama Law Review'' 58, no. 5 (2007): 1026 (stating that Wythe had seventeen slaves total in 1784 and that he transferred thirteen of those slaves after his wife's death); Bailey, ''Jefferson's Second Father'', 195 (stating that the total number of transferred slaves was sixteen).</ref>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At any given time, Wythe likely had ten to twenty enslaved people at his home in Williamsburg. The 1783 Williamsburg Personal Property Tax recorded that Wythe had fourteen slaves, but by 1788, that number had dwindled to three.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Upon the death of Wythe's wife, [[Elizabeth Taliaferro Wythe]] in 1787, Wythe gave eleven of his slaves to the children of his brother-in-law, Richard Taliaferro.<ref>Tyler, "George Wythe's Gift," 125-126.</ref> It is likely that those slaves were originally a part of Elizabeth's inheritance from her father.<ref>Lyon G. Tyler, "[[Will of Richard Taliaferro]]," ''William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine'' 12, no. 2 (October 1903), 124-125; Robert B. Kirtland, ''George Wythe: Lawyer, Revolutionary, Judge'' (New York: Garland, 1986), 140.</ref> The law may have required Wythe to return "property" that belonged to Elizabeth back to her father, because the couple were childless and  Elizabeth died without an heir.<ref>Tyler, "Will of Richard Taliaferro," 124-125.</ref> Wythe did free the last three slaves that he owned in 1788.<ref>Stephenson, ''George Wythe House Historical Report'' (citing the 1787-1788 York County records).</ref> [[Lydia Broadnax]] &mdash; Wythe's cook for years in Williamsburg and in Richmond &mdash; was one of them. There is some dispute about the number of slaves that Wythe freed or transferred at this time, but most sources conclude that after Elizabeth's death, Wythe rid himself of all of his personal slaves through one means or another.<ref>Kirtland, ''George Wythe'', 141;  Holt, Wythe, "[http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%205/Holt.pdf George Wythe: Early Modern Judge]," ''Alabama Law Review'' 58, no. 5 (2007): 1026 (stating that Wythe had seventeen slaves total in 1784 and that he transferred thirteen of those slaves after his wife's death); Bailey, ''Jefferson's Second Father'', 195 (stating that the total number of transferred slaves was sixteen).</ref>   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Along with the slaves in Williamsburg, Wythe also owned slaves at the Chesterville family plantation in what is now Hampton, Virginia.<ref>John Nierson, ''[[Complaint regarding the estate of Frances Wythe|Complaint regarding the estate of Frances Wythe]],'' c. 1793, Norfolk County Court Records, Library of Virginia.</ref> In his will, Wythe's older brother, Thomas, bequeathed his slaves equally between his wife, Frances Wythe, and his niece, Uphan Sweeney Claiborne.<ref>Ibid.</ref> According to a 1793 complaint filed with the Norfolk County court, George Wythe "purchased of his Brothers widow all her right to the said slaves."<ref>Ibid.</ref> The plantation, along with Frances Wythe's slaves, transferred to the ownership of George Wythe. As for the slaves bequeathed to his niece, Wythe, "by desire of his mother, without receiving any consideration," gave at least ten slaves to his niece and her husband Thomas Claiborne. It is unclear how many slaves were left at the Chesterville plantation after this transfer. We know that Wythe spent little time at the plantation, instead hiring a manager to watch over the land and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>slaves.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 85.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Along with the slaves in Williamsburg, Wythe also owned slaves at the Chesterville family plantation in what is now Hampton, Virginia.<ref>John Nierson, ''[[Complaint regarding the estate of Frances Wythe|Complaint regarding the estate of Frances Wythe]],'' c. 1793, Norfolk County Court Records, Library of Virginia.</ref> In his will, Wythe's older brother, Thomas, bequeathed his slaves equally between his wife, Frances Wythe, and his niece, Uphan Sweeney Claiborne.<ref>Ibid.</ref> According to a 1793 complaint filed with the Norfolk County court, George Wythe "purchased of his Brothers widow all her right to the said slaves."<ref>Ibid.</ref> The plantation, along with Frances Wythe's slaves, transferred to the ownership of George Wythe. As for the slaves bequeathed to his niece, Wythe, "by desire of his mother, without receiving any consideration," gave at least ten slaves to his niece and her husband Thomas Claiborne. It is unclear how many slaves were left at the Chesterville plantation after this transfer. We know that Wythe spent little time at the plantation, instead hiring a manager to watch over the land and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">his </ins>slaves.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 85.</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Near the end of the American Revolution, Wythe's Chesterville manager deserted the plantation.<ref>[[Wythe to Thomas Jefferson, 31 December 1781|George Wythe to Thomas Jefferson, 31 December 1781]], in ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson'', vol. 6, ''21 March 1781 to 1 March 1784'', ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1952), 6: 144-145.</ref> In December of 1781, Wythe wrote to Jefferson that he would come to Monticello if "[his] presence at Chesterville were not indispensably necessary to adjust my affairs left there in some confusion by the manager who hath lately eloped."<ref>Ibid.</ref> During this time, one of Wythe's Chesterville slaves, a man named Neptune, was caught as a runaway and probably returned to Wythe.<ref>[[Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates, 17 January 1776|''The Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates for the Counties and Corporations in the Colony of Virginia, Held at Richmond ... on the 20th of March 1775'']] (Richmond, VA: Richie, Trueheart and Du-Val, 1816), 99-100. Others have cited that Neptune was imprisoned because of service to Lord Dunmore, but there is no record of him being in jail for that reason. Clarkin, ''Serene Patriot'', 105;  Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 93; Bailey, ''Jefferson's Second Father'', 127. Instead, the record states that Neptune was "taken up" for being a runaway, and as such, he was may not have been in jail, yet, and he may have been returned to the Wythes &mdash; possibly back to Chesterville.</ref> Many of the other Chesterville slaves may have run away or escaped to fight for the British and the promise of freedom.<ref>Charles A. Goodrich, ''[[Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence]]'' (New York: William Reed, 1829) 369; Clarkin, ''Serene Patriot'', 105.</ref> When Wythe returned to Chesterville to settle his affairs, he may have had only two or three elderly slaves remaining.<ref>Bailey, ''Jefferson's Second Father'', 172, 174. </ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Near the end of the American Revolution, Wythe's Chesterville manager deserted the plantation.<ref>[[Wythe to Thomas Jefferson, 31 December 1781|George Wythe to Thomas Jefferson, 31 December 1781]], in ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson'', vol. 6, ''21 March 1781 to 1 March 1784'', ed. Julian P. Boyd (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1952), 6: 144-145.</ref> In December of 1781, Wythe wrote to Jefferson that he would come to Monticello if "[his] presence at Chesterville were not indispensably necessary to adjust my affairs left there in some confusion by the manager who hath lately eloped."<ref>Ibid.</ref> During this time, one of Wythe's Chesterville slaves, a man named Neptune, was caught as a runaway and probably returned to Wythe.<ref>[[Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates, 17 January 1776|''The Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates for the Counties and Corporations in the Colony of Virginia, Held at Richmond ... on the 20th of March 1775'']] (Richmond, VA: Richie, Trueheart and Du-Val, 1816), 99-100. Others have cited that Neptune was imprisoned because of service to Lord Dunmore, but there is no record of him being in jail for that reason. Clarkin, ''Serene Patriot'', 105;  Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 93; Bailey, ''Jefferson's Second Father'', 127. Instead, the record states that Neptune was "taken up" for being a runaway, and as such, he was may not have been in jail, yet, and he may have been returned to the Wythes &mdash; possibly back to Chesterville.</ref> Many of the other Chesterville slaves may have run away or escaped to fight for the British and the promise of freedom.<ref>Charles A. Goodrich, ''[[Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence]]'' (New York: William Reed, 1829) 369; Clarkin, ''Serene Patriot'', 105.</ref> When Wythe returned to Chesterville to settle his affairs, he may have had only two or three elderly slaves remaining.<ref>Bailey, ''Jefferson's Second Father'', 172, 174. </ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Gwsweeneyhttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_and_Slavery&diff=73572&oldid=prevGwsweeney: /* Slavery and Wythe's Heritage */2023-05-11T20:36:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Slavery and Wythe's Heritage</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Slavery and Wythe's Heritage==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Slavery and Wythe's Heritage==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:KeithAnExhortationCautionToFriends1693p1.jpg|left|thumb|250px|First page from George Keith's ''An Exhortation & Caution to Friends Concerning Buying or Keeping of Negroes''. New York: Printed by William Bradford, 1693.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:KeithAnExhortationCautionToFriends1693p1.jpg|left|thumb|250px|First page from George Keith's ''An Exhortation & Caution to Friends Concerning Buying or Keeping of Negroes''. New York: Printed by William Bradford, 1693.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some authors argue that Wythe's anti-slavery viewpoint traces back to his maternal great-grandfather, [[wikipedia:George Keith (missionary)|George Keith]], through the education Wythe received from his mother.<ref>Joyce Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), 74; Alonzo Thomas Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', ed. Edward M. Riley (Williamsburg: Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission, 1979), 4-5, Thomas Hunter, "[[Teaching of George Wythe|The Teaching of George Wythe]]," in ''The History of Legal Education in the United States'', ed. Steve Sheppard (Pasadena: Salem, Press, Inc., 1999), 1:140.</ref> Keith began his religious career as a Quaker minister and used his influence in the Quaker community to oppose slavery.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 74; Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', 4-5.</ref> In 1693, Keith published ''An Exhortation & Caution to Friends Concerning Buying or Keeping of Negroes'', the first Quaker tract to urge manumission.<ref>Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', 5.</ref> Keith later converted to the Church of England, but he retained his abolitionist views.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Keith died before Wythe was born, but his influence on the family likely trickled down through his daughter, Anne Walker (Wythe's grandmother) and granddaughter, Margaret Walker Wythe (Wythe's mother). Although never a Quaker himself, Wythe's maternal religious lineage does seem to have influenced him.<ref>William Clarkin, ''Serene Patriot'' (Albany: Alan Publications, 1970), 3; Hunter, "The Teaching of George Wythe,"  1:140.</ref> Wythe's parents, however, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">owned slaves </del>at their [[Chesterville]] home, so Margaret may not have shared her grandfather's anti-slavery worldview.<ref>John Bailey, ''Jefferson's Second Father'' (Sydney: Momentum Pan Macmillan Australia Pty Ltd, 2013), 5. </ref> Regardless, Wythe's views correspond well with those of the great-grandfather who composed the first Quaker abolitionist manifesto.<ref>Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', 5.</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some authors argue that Wythe's anti-slavery viewpoint traces back to his maternal great-grandfather, [[wikipedia:George Keith (missionary)|George Keith]], through the education Wythe received from his mother.<ref>Joyce Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), 74; Alonzo Thomas Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', ed. Edward M. Riley (Williamsburg: Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission, 1979), 4-5, Thomas Hunter, "[[Teaching of George Wythe|The Teaching of George Wythe]]," in ''The History of Legal Education in the United States'', ed. Steve Sheppard (Pasadena: Salem, Press, Inc., 1999), 1:140.</ref> Keith began his religious career as a Quaker minister and used his influence in the Quaker community to oppose slavery.<ref>Blackburn, ''George Wythe of Williamsburg'', 74; Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', 4-5.</ref> In 1693, Keith published ''An Exhortation & Caution to Friends Concerning Buying or Keeping of Negroes'', the first Quaker tract to urge manumission.<ref>Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', 5.</ref> Keith later converted to the Church of England, but he retained his abolitionist views.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Keith died before Wythe was born, but his influence on the family likely trickled down through his daughter, Anne Walker (Wythe's grandmother) and granddaughter, Margaret Walker Wythe (Wythe's mother). Although never a Quaker himself, Wythe's maternal religious lineage does seem to have influenced him.<ref>William Clarkin, ''Serene Patriot'' (Albany: Alan Publications, 1970), 3; Hunter, "The Teaching of George Wythe,"  1:140.</ref> Wythe's parents, however, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">enslaved people </ins>at their [[Chesterville]] home, so Margaret may not have shared her grandfather's anti-slavery worldview.<ref>John Bailey, ''Jefferson's Second Father'' (Sydney: Momentum Pan Macmillan Australia Pty Ltd, 2013), 5. </ref> Regardless, Wythe's views correspond well with those of the great-grandfather who composed the first Quaker abolitionist manifesto.<ref>Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', 5.</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Gwsweeneyhttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_and_Slavery&diff=73057&oldid=prevGwsweeney at 15:52, 26 January 20232023-01-26T15:52:22Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''List of Known Slaves<br />Owned by George Wythe'''<br /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''List of Known Slaves<br />Owned by George Wythe'''<br /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><span style="font-size: 90%;">George Wythe enslaved many people both at his family plantation in Elizabeth City County and home in Williamsburg, Virginia, but these are the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">few </del>who are named in surviving documents:</span></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><span style="font-size: 90%;">George Wythe enslaved many people both at his family plantation in Elizabeth City County and home in Williamsburg, Virginia, but these are the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">slaves </ins>who are named in surviving documents:</span></div></td></tr>
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</table>Gwsweeneyhttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_and_Slavery&diff=73056&oldid=prevGwsweeney at 14:56, 26 January 20232023-01-26T14:56:05Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style="text-align: center;" |</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style="text-align: center;" |</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''List of Known Slaves<br />Owned by George Wythe'''<br /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''List of Known Slaves<br />Owned by George Wythe'''<br /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><span style="font-size: 90%;">George Wythe <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">owned </del>many <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">slaves </del>both at his family plantation and home in Williamsburg, but these are the few who are named in surviving documents:</span></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><span style="font-size: 90%;">George Wythe <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">enslaved </ins>many <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">people </ins>both at his family plantation <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in Elizabeth City County </ins>and home in Williamsburg<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, Virginia</ins>, but these are the few who are named in surviving documents:</span></div></td></tr>
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</table>Gwsweeneyhttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_and_Slavery&diff=73054&oldid=prevGwsweeney: /* Further reading */2023-01-24T17:57:21Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Further reading</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:57, 24 January 2023</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l170" >Line 170:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Further reading==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Further reading==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Melvin Patrick Ely, ''Israel on the Appomattox: A Southern Experiment in Black Freedom from 1790s through the Civil War'' (New York: Knoph, 2004).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Melvin Patrick Ely, ''Israel on the Appomattox: A Southern Experiment in Black Freedom from 1790s through the Civil War'' (New York: Knoph, 2004).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Cathy Hellier to Ron Hurst, "George Wythe's Slaves in Williamsburg" (memorandum, May 4, 1987) Foundation Archives, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Cathy Hellier to Ron Hurst, "George Wythe's Slaves in Williamsburg" (memorandum, May 4, 1987)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </ins>Foundation Archives, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* Wythe Holt, [https://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2058/Issue%205/Holt.pdf "George Wythe: Early Modern Judge,"] ''Alabama Law Review'' 58, no. 5 (2007): 1009-1039</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Andrew Nunn McKnight, "Lydia Broadnax, Slave, and Free Woman of Color," ''Southern Studies'' new series 5, nos. 1 & 2 (Spring/Summer 1994): 17-30.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Andrew Nunn McKnight, "Lydia Broadnax, Slave, and Free Woman of Color," ''Southern Studies'' new series 5, nos. 1 & 2 (Spring/Summer 1994): 17-30.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Terry L. Meyers, [https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol21/iss4/6/ "Thinking About Slavery at the College of William and Mary,"] ''William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal'' 21, no. 4 (2013): 1215-1257.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Terry L. Meyers, [https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol21/iss4/6/ "Thinking About Slavery at the College of William and Mary,"] ''William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal'' 21, no. 4 (2013): 1215-1257.</div></td></tr>
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