http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Jmsanders&feedformat=atomWythepedia: The George Wythe Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T08:53:39ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.27.5http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_Sweeney&diff=33332George Wythe Sweeney2015-01-21T15:17:17Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
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<div>George Wythe Sweeney (alternatively spelled Sweeny, Sweney, Sweaney, Swany, Swinny, or Swinney) was the grandnephew and likely murderer of George Wythe.<ref>Steve Henkel, “Murder in the Family,” ''The American Genealogist'' 78 (2003): 87-88.</ref> Although an exact date of birth is unknown, Sweeney is believed to have been born around 1790 to Jane (Moore) Sweeney and George Wythe Sweeney, George Wythe’s nephew by his sister Ann (Wythe) Sweeney.<ref>Ibid., 94</ref> In 1806, Sweeney was living in the home of his grand uncle, from whom he was to inherit a significant amount of property.<ref>W. Edwin Hemphill, “Documents on the Murder of George Wythe” in ''Murder of George Wythe'', by Julian P. Boyd and W. Edwin Hemphill (Williamsburg: The Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1955).</ref> By most accounts, Sweeney did not share the same high character as his great uncle, as he was known as a gambler who had “proven himself unworthy of the home and education he had enjoyed for several years” by stealing items and forging checks.<ref>Julian P. Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” in ''Murder of George Wythe'', by Julian P. Boyd and W. Edwin Hemphill (Williamsburg: The Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1955.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> It is unclear whether Sweeney murdered his grand uncle in order to cover up his previous misdeeds or prematurely profit from his uncle’s death.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Whatever the motivation, it is most likely that Sweeney was the culprit who poisoned the household food with arsenic and caused the death of George Wythe and the slave Michael Brown.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Wythe realized that he had been poisoned and his edits to his will excluding his grand nephew point to the person he believed was the culprit.<ref>Ibid. 17.</ref><br /> <br />
<br />Sweeney was acquitted of murder, largely because Virginia law at the time disallowed a slave from serving as a witness against a white defendant.<ref>Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” 29.</ref> Other reasons may have been the fact that attending physicians did not perform complete autopsies, preventing a certain diagnosis, and the fact that Wythe may not have wanted his nephew to suffer beyond being disinherited.<ref>Hemphill, “Documents in the Murder of George Wythe,” 63-64.</ref> Despite this acquittal, Sweeney was convicted of forging checks in Wythe’s name with a penalty of six months imprisonment in jail and one hour in the pillory.<ref>Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” 29.</ref> The sentence against him was never executed. <ref> Ibid.</ref> After 1806, not much is known about Sweeney. The dubiously accurate Dove Memo states that Sweeney “went to Tennessee where he stole a horse, went to the penitentiary” and then was “lost sight of.”<ref> Dr. John Dove, [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/Dove_Memo Memorandum Concerning the Death of George Wythe]</ref> Another scholar notes that he “sought refuge in the west; where his career was brought to a premature and miserable close.”<ref>Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” 29.</ref> <br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_Sweeney&diff=33330George Wythe Sweeney2015-01-21T15:15:51Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>George Wythe Sweeney (alternatively spelled Sweeny, Sweney, Sweaney, Swany, Swinny, or Swinney) was the grandnephew and likely murderer of George Wythe.<ref>Steve Henkel, “Murder in the Family,” ''The American Genealogist'' 78 (2003): 87-88.</ref> Although an exact date of birth is unknown, Sweeney is believed to have been born around 1790 to Jane (Moore) Sweeney and George Wythe Sweeney, George Wythe’s nephew by his sister Ann (Wythe) Sweeney.<ref>Ibid., 94</ref> In 1806, Sweeney was living in the home of his grand uncle, from whom he was to inherit a significant amount of property.<ref>W. Edwin Hemphill, “Documents on the Murder of George Wythe” in ''The Murder of George Wythe'', by Julian P. Boyd and W. Edwin Hemphill (Williamsburg: The Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1955).</ref> By most accounts, Sweeney did not share the same high character as his great uncle, as he was known as a gambler who had “proven himself unworthy of the home and education he had enjoyed for several years” by stealing items and forging checks.<ref>Julian P. Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” in ''The Murder of George Wythe'', by Julian P. Boyd and W. Edwin Hemphill (Williamsburg: The Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1955.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> It is unclear whether Sweeney murdered his grand uncle in order to cover up his previous misdeeds or prematurely profit from his uncle’s death.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Whatever the motivation, it is most likely that Sweeney was the culprit who poisoned the household food with arsenic and caused the death of George Wythe and the slave Michael Brown.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Wythe realized that he had been poisoned and his edits to his will excluding his grand nephew point to the person he believed was the culprit.<ref>Ibid. 17.</ref><br /> <br />
<br />Sweeney was acquitted of murder, largely because Virginia law at the time disallowed a slave from serving as a witness against a white defendant.<ref>Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” 29.</ref> Other reasons may have been the fact that attending physicians did not perform complete autopsies, preventing a certain diagnosis, and the fact that Wythe may not have wanted his nephew to suffer beyond being disinherited.<ref>Hemphill, “Documents in the Murder of George Wythe,” 63-64.</ref> Despite this acquittal, Sweeney was convicted of forging checks in Wythe’s name with a penalty of six months imprisonment in jail and one hour in the pillory.<ref>Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” 29.</ref> The sentence against him was never executed. <ref> Ibid.</ref> After 1806, not much is known about Sweeney. The dubiously accurate Dove Memo states that Sweeney “went to Tennessee where he stole a horse, went to the penitentiary” and then was “lost sight of.”<ref> Dr. John Dove, [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/Dove_Memo Memorandum Concerning the Death of George Wythe]</ref> Another scholar notes that he “sought refuge in the west; where his career was brought to a premature and miserable close.”<ref>Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” 29.</ref> <br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=George_Wythe_Sweeney&diff=33328George Wythe Sweeney2015-01-21T15:07:06Z<p>Jmsanders: Created page with "George Wythe Sweeney (alternatively spelled Sweeny, Sweney, Sweaney, Swany, Swinny, or Swinney) was the grandnephew and likely murderer of George Wythe.<ref>Steve Henkel, “M..."</p>
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<div>George Wythe Sweeney (alternatively spelled Sweeny, Sweney, Sweaney, Swany, Swinny, or Swinney) was the grandnephew and likely murderer of George Wythe.<ref>Steve Henkel, “Murder in the Family,” ‘’The American Genealogist’’ 78 (2003): 87-88.</ref> Although an exact date of birth is unknown, Sweeney is believed to have been born around 1790 to Jane (Moore) Sweeney and George Wythe Sweeney, George Wythe’s nephew by his sister Ann (Wythe) Sweeney.<ref>Ibid., 94</ref> In 1806, Sweeney was living in the home of his grand uncle, from whom he was to inherit a significant amount of property.<ref>W. Edwin Hemphill, “Documents on the Murder of George Wythe” in ‘’The Murder of George Wythe’’, by Julian P. Boyd and W. Edwin Hemphill (Williamsburg: The Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1955.</ref> By most accounts, Sweeney did not share the same high character as his great uncle, as he was known as a gambler who had “proven himself unworthy of the home and education he had enjoyed for several years” by stealing items and forging checks.<ref>Julian P. Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” in ‘’The Murder of George Wythe’’, by Julian P. Boyd and W. Edwin Hemphill (Williamsburg: The Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1955.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> It is unclear whether Sweeney murdered his grand uncle in order to cover up his previous misdeeds or prematurely profit from his uncle’s death.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Whatever the motivation, it is most likely that Sweeney was the culprit who poisoned the household food with arsenic and caused the death of George Wythe and the slave Michael Brown.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Wythe realized that he had been poisoned and his edits to his will excluding his grand nephew point to the person he believed was the culprit.<ref>Ibid. 17.</ref><br /> <br />
<br />Sweeney was acquitted of murder, largely because Virginia law at the time disallowed a slave from serving as a witness against a white defendant.<ref>Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” 29.</ref> Other reasons may have been the fact that attending physicians did not perform complete autopsies, preventing a certain diagnosis, and the fact that Wythe may not have wanted his nephew to suffer beyond being disinherited.<ref>Hemphill, “Documents in the Murder of George Wythe,” 63-64.</ref> Despite this acquittal, Sweeney was convicted of forging checks in Wythe’s name with a penalty of six months imprisonment in jail and one hour in the pillory.<ref>Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” 29.</ref> The sentence against him was never executed. <ref> Ibid.</ref> After 1806, not much is known about Sweeney. The dubiously accurate Dove Memo states that Sweeney “went to Tennessee where he stole a horse, went to the penitentiary” and then was “lost sight of.”<ref> Dr. John Dove, [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/Dove_Memo Memorandum Concerning the Death of George Wythe]</ref> Another scholar notes that he “sought refuge in the west; where his career was brought to a premature and miserable close.”<ref>Boyd, “The Murder of George Wythe,” 29.</ref> <br />
==References==<br />
<references /></div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Jefferson-Carr_Correspondence&diff=33326Jefferson-Carr Correspondence2015-01-21T15:00:48Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
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<div>Between 30 December 1786 and 29 May 1789, Peter Carr and Thomas Jefferson engaged in a string of correspondence. The letters relate to Carr’s education, particularly his studies under George Wythe at William & Mary. As a private pupil of Wythe, Carr underwent a classical education, reading Herodotus, Sophocles, Cicero, Horace, and Lucretius, likely among many others. Carr describes a typical day of learning under Wythe: A 30 minute walk to begin the day, law before breakfast, languages until noon, philosophy until dinner, history after dinner, and poetry until bed time. In addition, the letters reveal that Carr was often invited to attend Wythe’s law lectures.<br /><br />
<br />Thomas Jefferson and Peter Carr’s letters reveal a high regard for Wythe’s intelligence and strength of character. Carr mentions that Wyth’s teachings went beyond traditional academic studies and included lessons on morality. He notes that, despite those who might call Wythe areligious, He fulfilled the great command of doing unto others and he would have done unto him. It was Jefferson’s hope that Carr, like he, would find studying under Wythe one of the most fortunate events of his life. Carr made it clear that Jefferson’s “sentiments with regard to Mr. Wythe, and the attention which ought to be paid to his precepts perfectly coincided.”<ref>[http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/Jefferson-Carr_Correspondence#Peter_Carr_to_Thomas_Jefferson.2C_29_May_1789 Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson], 29 May 1789.</ref> Nevertheless, Carr expressed the opinion that the time spent learning the dead languages might be better spent on other subjects that were more applicable to modern life. The letters reveal that both Carr and Jefferson were keenly interested in learning, a characteristic that must have been sparked by Wythe’s guidance and which would ultimately play a part in the two men’s founding of educational institutions a few decades later.<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
==Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 30 December 1786==<br />
<blockquote><br />
Hon’d. Sir &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Williamsburg Decembr. 30. 86.<br />
<br />
A Ship being about to sail for Paris: I embrace the oppertunity of informing you (by Her) of my situation, and progress in Literature, since I wrote you last. I left the grammar school in April last; In consequence of a polite and Friendly invitation given me by [[George Wythe|Mr. Wythe]], to go through a course of reading with him; And as He thought it improper to begin in the middle of a course of Lectures, I defer’d it untill October last which was the commencement of a new course. Here I attend the Professors of Moral and Natural philosophy, Mathematicks and Modern Languages and Mr. Wythe has invited me to attend His Lectures on Law. With respect to Modern Languages I have read French mostly, the want of a Spanish dictionary has retarded my advancement in that language.<br />
<br />
Mr. Bellini has prevailed on me to begin Italian as he thinks by the time you can send me a Spanish dictionary, I may be a tolerable Master of that language, also that it will greatly facilitate my progress in Spanish. I received from you last Spring a trunk of books, at same time a letter for both of which you receive my greatfull thanks. I am now reading with Mr. Wythe the ancient history which you advised; am likewise reading the Tragedies of Aschylus, which as soon as I have finished I shall take up Aristophanes. You also advise me to read the works of Ossian, which I have done and should be more pleased with them if there were more variety. We have had very flattering accounts of my brother Sam lately. [[Dabney Carr|Dabney]] by the direction of Mr. Madison is at the Academy in prince Edward. My Mother and the family were well a few days ago; I also have the satisfaction to inform you Polly is well. Remember me Affectionately to my Cousin and believe me to be with due respect, Your affectionate Nephew,<br />
<br />
Peter Carr<br />
</blockquote><br />
==Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 18 April 1787==<br />
<blockquote><br />
Dear Uncle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Williamsburg, April 18th. ’87<br />
<br />
Your daughter being about to sail to France gives me an opportunity of informing you of my situation and studies since I wrote last. I am still at the university attending the professors of Nat. and Mor. philosophy, Mathematicks and modern languages; and Mr. Wythe has given me a very friendly invitation to his lectures on law. I have likewise the good fortune to be a private pupil, and am now reading with him, Herodotus, Sophocles, Cicero and some particular parts of Horace. Beside the advantage of his literary instructions he adds advice and lessons of morality, which are not only pleasing and instructive now, but will be (I hope) of real utility in future. He is said to be without religion, but to me he appears to possess the most rational part of it, and fulfills that great command, Do unto all men as thou wouldst they should do unto thee. And now Sir I should be glad of your advice on the subject of religion; as I think it time to be fixed on a point which has had so many advocates and opponents, and still seems to be dubious. I should wish your advice as to the books I should read, and in what order. Mr. Wythe has just put Lucretius into my hands, whose sect and opinions, men generally think dangerous, but under so good a guide I fear not his opinions whatever they be, and hope rather to be benefited, than as some scrupulous people think, contaminated by him. I find nothing as disadvantageous and troubel some as attending too many things at once; I have unfortunately attempted it this year, and am apprehensive I shall have a perfect knowledge of none. I wish for a plan and order of study from you. I have the satisfaction to inform you that my brothers Sam and Dabney are in good situations, the first in Maryland and the second at an accademy in P. Edward under the direction of a Mr. Smith. I was very sorry to hear from Mr. Maury that you thought no American should go to Europe under thirty; I have, and ever had an invincible inclination to see the world, and am perfectly convinced (though my situation is as good as any in this country) that to see something of the world, get the polish of Europe, and mix the knowledge of books with that of men must be infinitely superior to any advantages enjoyed here. My health has been much injured by the air here. I never pass a summer or fall without a severe bilious fever. Present my compliments to my [300] Cousin Patsy and believe me to be with due respect and affection your nephew,<br />
<br />
Peter Carr<br />
</blockquote><br />
==Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr, 10 August 1787==<br />
[[File:ThomasJeffersonToPeterCarr1787Aug10Pg1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<p>Page one of "Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr, 10 August 1787". Image from the [http://memory.loc.gov/master/mss/mtj/mtj1/007/0900/0959.jpg Library of Congress], ''The Thomas Jefferson Papers''.</p>]]<br />
<blockquote><br />
Dear Peter &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paris Aug. 10. 1787.<br />
<br />
I have received your two letters of Decemb. 30. and April 18. and am very happy to find by them, as well as by letters from Mr. Wythe, that you have been so fortunate as to attract his notice and good will: I am sure you will find this to have been one of the most fortunate events of your life, as I have ever been sensible it was of mine. I inclose you a sketch of the sciences to which I would wish you to apply in such order as Mr. Wythe shall advise: I mention also the books in them worth your reading, which submit to his correction. Many of these are among your father’s books, which you should have brought to you. As I do not recollect those of them not in his library, you must write to me for them, making out a catalogue of such as you think you shall have occasion for in 18 months from the date of your letter, and consulting Mr. Wythe on the subject. To this sketch I will add a few particular observations.<br />
<br />
1. Italian. I fear the learning this language will confound your French and Spanish. Being all of them degenerated dialects of the Latin, they are apt to mix in conversation. I have never seen a person speaking the three languages who did not mix them. It is a delightful language, but late events having rendered the Spanish more useful, lay it aside to prosecute that.<br />
<br />
2. Spanish. Bestow great attention on this, and endeavor to acquire an accurate knowlege of it. Our future connections with Spain and Spanish America will render that language a valuable acquisition. The antient history of a great part of America too is written in that language. I send you a dictionary.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
===Page 2===<br />
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<blockquote><br />
3. Moral philosophy. I think it lost time to attend lectures in this branch. He who made us would have been a pitiful bungler if he had made the rules of our moral conduct a matter of science. [15] For one man of science, there are thousands who are not. What would have become of them? Man was destined for society. His morality therefore was to be formed to this object. He was endowed with a sense of right and wrong merely relative to this. This sense is as much a part of his nature as the sense of hearing, seeing, feeling; it is the true foundation of morality, and not the truth, &c., as fanciful writers have imagined. The moral sense, or conscience, is as much a part of man as his leg or arm. It is given to all human beings in a stronger or weaker degree, as force of members is given them in a greater or less degree. It may be strengthened by exercise, as may any particular limb of the body. This sense is submitted indeed in some degree to the guidance of reason; but it is a small stock which is required for this: even a less one than what we call Common sense. State a moral case to a ploughman and a professor. The former will decide it as well, and often better than the latter, because he has not been led astray by artificial rules. In this branch therefore read good books because they will encourage as well as direct your feelings. The writings of Sterne particularly form the best course of morality that ever was written. Besides these read the books mentioned in the inclosed paper; and above all things lose no occasion of exercising your dispositions to be grateful, to be generous, to be charitable, to be humane, to be true, just, firm, orderly, couragious &c. Consider every act of this kind as an exercise which will strengthen your moral faculties, and increase your worth.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
===Page 3===<br />
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<blockquote><br />
4. Religion. Your reason is now mature enough to receive this object. In the first place divest yourself of all bias in favour of novelty and singularity of opinion. Indulge them in any other subject rather than that of religion. It is too important, and the consequences of error may be too serious. On the other hand shake off all the fears and servile prejudices under which weak minds are servilely crouched. Fix reason firmly in her seat, and call to her tribunal every fact, every opinion. Question with boldness even the existence of a god; because, if there be one, he must more approve the homage of reason, than that of blindfolded fear. You will naturally examine first the religion of your own country. Read the bible then, as you would read Livy or Tacitus. The facts which are within the ordinary course of nature you will believe on the authority of the writer, as you do those of the same kind in Livy and Tacitus. The testimony of the writer weighs in their favor in one scale, and their not being against the laws of nature does not [16] weigh against them. But those facts in the bible which contradict the laws of nature, must be examined with more care, and under a variety of faces. Here you must recur to the pretensions of the writer to inspiration from god. Examine upon what evidence his pretensions are founded, and whether that evidence is so strong as that it’s falshood would be more improbable than a change of the laws of nature in the case he relates For example in the book of Joshua we are told the sun stood still several hours. Were we to read that fact in Livy or Tacitus we should class it with their showers of blood, speaking of statues, beasts &c., but it is said that the writer of that book was inspired. Examine therefore candidly what evidence there is of his having <br />
</blockquote><br />
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===Page 4===<br />
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<blockquote><br />
been inspired. The pretension is entitled to your enquiry, because millions believe it. On the other hand you are Astronomer enough to know how contrary it is to the law of nature that a body revolving on it’s axis, as the earth does, should have stopped, should not by that sudden stoppage have prostrated animals, trees, buildings, and should after a certain time have resumed it’s revolution, and that without a second general prostration. Is this arrest of the earth’s motion, or the evidence which affirms it, most within the law of probabilities? You will next read the new testament. It is the history of a personage called Jesus. Keep in your eye the opposite pretensions. 1. Of those who say he was begotten by god, born of a virgin, suspended and reversed the laws of nature at will, and ascended bodily into heaven: and 2. of those who say he was a man, of illegitimate birth, of a benevolent heart, enthusiastic mind, who set out without pretensions to divinity, ended in believing them, and was punished capitally for sedition by being gibbeted according to the Roman law which punished the first commission of that offence by whipping, and the second by exile or death in furcâ. See this law in the Digest Lib. 48. tit. 19 § 28. 3. and Lipsius Lib. 2. de cruce. cap. 2. These questions are examined in the books I have mentioned under the head of religion, and several others. They will assist you in your enquiries, but keep your reason firmly on the watch in reading them all. Do not be frightened from this enquiry by any fear of it’s consequences. If it ends in a belief that there is no god, you will find incitements to virtue in the comfort and pleasantness you feel in it’s exercise, and the love of others which it will procure you. If you find reason to believe<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
===Page 5===<br />
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<blockquote> <br />
-lieve there is a god, a consciousness that you are acting under his eye, and that he approves you, will be a vast additional incitement. If that there be a future state, the hope [17] of a happy existence in that increases the appetite to deserve it; if that Jesus was also a god, you will be comforted by a belief of his aid and love. In fine, I repeat that you must lay aside all prejudice on both sides, and neither believe nor reject any thing because any other person, or description of persons have rejected or believed it. Your own reason is the only oracle given you by heaven, and you are answerable not for the rightness but uprightness of the decision.—I forgot to observe when speaking of the New testament that you should read all the histories of Christ, as well of those whom a council of ecclesiastics have decided for us to be Pseudo-evangelists, as those they named Evangelists, because these Pseudo-evangelists pretended to inspiration as much as the others, and you are to judge their pretensions by your own reason, and not by the reason of those ecclesiastics. Most of these are lost. There are some however still extant, collected by Fabricius which I will endeavor to get and send you.<br />
<br />
5. Travelling. This makes men wiser, but less happy. When men of sober age travel, they gather knowlege which they may apply usefully for their country, but they are subject ever after to recollections mixed with regret, their affections are weakened by being extended over more objects, and they learn new habits which cannot be gratified when they return<br />
</blockquote> <br />
<br />
===Page 6===<br />
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<blockquote><br />
return home. Young men who travel are exposed to all these inconveniences in a higher degree, to others still more serious, and do not acquire that wisdom for which a previous foundation is requisite by repeated and just observations at home. The glare of pomp and pleasure is analogous to the motion of their blood, it absorbs all their affection and attention, they are torn from it as from the only good in this world, and return to their home as to a place of exile and condemnation. Their eyes are for ever turned back to the object they have lost, and it’s recollection poisons the residue of their lives. Their first and most delicate passions are hackneyed on unworthy objects here, and they carry home only the dregs, insufficient to make themselves or any body else happy. Add to this that a habit of idleness, an inability to apply themselves to business is acquired and renders them useless to themselves and their country. These observations are founded in experience. There is no place where your pursuit of knowlege will be so little obstructed by foreign objects as in your own country, nor any wherein the virtues of the heart will be less exposed to be weakened. Be good, be learned, and be industrious, and you will not want the aid of travelling to render you [18] precious to your country, dear to your friends, happy within yourself. I repeat my advice to take a great deal of exercise, and on foot. Health is the first requisite after morality. Write to me often and be assured of the interest I take in your success, as well as of the warmth of those sentiments of attachment with which I am, dear Peter, your affectionate friend,<br />
<br />
Th: Jefferson<br />
<br />
P.S. Let me know your age in your next letter. Your cousins here are well and desire to be remembered to you.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
===Enclosure===<br />
[[File:ThomasJeffersonToPeterCarr1787Aug10Encl.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<p>Enclosure from "Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr, 10 August 1787". Image from the [http://memory.loc.gov/master/mss/mtj/mtj1/007/0900/0965.jpg Library of Congress], ''The Thomas Jefferson Papers''.</p>]]<blockquote><br />
Antient history. Herodot. Thucyd. Xenoph. hellen. Xenoph. Anab. Q. Curt. Just. Livy. Polybius. Sallust. Caesar. Suetonius. Tacitus. Aurel. Victor. Herodian. Gibbons’ decline of the Roman empire. Milot histoire ancienne.<br />
<br />
Mod. hist. English. Tacit. Germ. & Agricole. Hume to the end of H.VI. then Habington’s E.IV.-Sr. Thomas Moor’s E.5. & R.3.-Ld. Bacon’s H.7.—Ld. Herbert of Cherbury’s H.8.—K. Edward’s journal (in Burnet) Bp. of Hereford’s E.6. & Mary.-Cambden’s Eliz. Wilson’s Jac.I. Ludlow (omit Clarendon as too seducing for a young republican. By and by read him) Burnet’s Charles 2. Jac.2. Wm. & Mary & Anne.—Ld. Orrery down to George 1. & 2.—Burke’s G.3. Robertson’s hist. of Scotland.<br />
<br />
American. Robertson’s America.—Douglass’s N. America.—Hutcheson’s Massachusets, Smith’s N. York.—Smith’s N. Jersey.—Franklin’s review of Pennsylvania. Smith’s, Stith’s, Keith’s, & Beverley’s hist. of Virginia.<br />
<br />
Foreign. Mallet’s Northn. Antiquities by Percy.—Puffendorf’s histy. of Europe & Martiniere’s of Asia, Africa & America.—Milot histoire Moderne. Voltaire histoire universelle.—Milot hist. de France.—Mariana’s hist. of Spain in Spa[nish.]—Robertson’s Charles V.—Watson’s Phil. II. & III.-Grotii Belgica.<br />
Mosheim’s Ecclesiastical history.<br />
<br />
Poetry. Homer—Milton—Ossian—Sophocles—Aeschylus—Eurip.—Metastasio—Shakesp.—Theocritus—Anacreon […]<br />
<br />
Mathematics. Bezout & whatever else Mr. Madison recommends.<br />
<br />
Astronomy. Delalande &c. as Mr. Madison shall recommend.<br />
<br />
Natural Philosophy. Musschenbroeck.<br />
<br />
Botany. Linnaei Philosophia Botanica—Genera Plantarum—Species plantarum—Gronovii flora [Virginica.]<br />
<br />
Chemistry. Fourcroy.<br />
<br />
Agriculture. Home’s principles of Agriculture—Tull &c.<br />
<br />
Anatomy. Cheselden.<br />
<br />
Morality. The Socratic dialogues—Cicero’s Philosophies—Kaim’s principles of Natl. religion—Helvetius de l’esprit et de l’homme. Locke’s Essay.—Lucretius—Traité de Morale & du Bon[heur]<br />
<br />
Religion. Locke’s Conduct of the mind.—Middleton’s works—Bolingbroke’s [19] philosoph. works—Hume’s essays—Voltaire’s works—Beattie.<br />
<br />
Politics & Law. Whatever Mr. Wythe pleases, who will be so good as to correct also all the preceding articles which are only intended as a ground work to be finished by his pencil.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
==Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 18 March 1788==<br />
<blockquote><br />
Dear Uncle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Williamsburg—March. 18–1788<br />
<br />
Mr. Paradise being about to sail to Europe in a few days, furnishes me with an opportunity of informing you of my progress and situation. In my letter of the 10 December I acquainted you, that from the want of money I had been obliged to stay in Goochland, some time; soon after the date of that, I was fortunate enough to receive some, and return’d to this place immediately. Mr. Wythe advised me to begin the study of the Law, reading it two or three hours every day, and devoteing the rest of my time to the languages, history and Philosophy; but that you may know how I imploy every hour of the day I will give it you in detail. I rise about day, and take a walk of half an hour to shake off sleep, read law till breakfast, then attend Mr. Wythe till 12 oclock in the languages, read philosophy till dinner, history till night, and poetry till bed time. Mr. Paradise has lately presented me with the history of Greece by Gillies, together with Priestley’s historical chart, each of which I shall endeavour to use in such manner as to merit them. The Books you mention in your letter to Mr. Wythe have never yet come to hand, when they do I hope to profit by those, which you mention are for me. My mother and family are well, and desire to be remembered to yourself and daughters. Accept of my sincere wishes for your health and welfare, and believe me to be your Dutiful and affectionate nephew,<br />
<br />
Peter Carr<br />
</blockquote><br />
==Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr, 6 August 1788==<br />
[[File:ThomasJeffersonToPeterCarr1788Aug6.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<p>"Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr, 6 August 1788". Image from the [http://memory.loc.gov/master/mss/mtj/mtj1/009/1000/1011.jpg Library of Congress], ''The Thomas Jefferson Papers''.</p>]]<br />
<blockquote><br />
Dear Peter &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paris Aug. 6. 1788.<br />
<br />
The preceding letter was written at it’s date, and I supposed you in possession of it when your letters of Dec. 10. 87. and March 18. 88. told me otherwise. Still I supposed it on it’s way to you, when a few days ago, having occasion to look among some papers in the drawer where my letters are usually put away till an opportunity of sending them occurs, I found that this letter had slipped among them, so that it had never been forwarded. I am sorry for it on account of the article relative to the Spanish language only. Apply to that with all the assiduity you can. That language and the English, covering nearly the whole face of America, they should be well known to every inhabitant who means to look beyond the limits of his farm. I like well the distribution of your time mentioned in your letter of Mar. 18. and the counsels of Mr. Wythe so kindly extended to you, leave it necessary for me to add nothing of that kind. Be assiduous in learning, take much exercise for your health and practise much virtue. Health, learning and virtue will ensure your happiness; they will give you a quiet conscience, private esteem and public honour. Beyond these we want nothing but physical necessaries, and they are easily obtained. My daughters are well and join me in love to yourself, your Mother, brothers and sisters. I am with very sincere esteem Dear Peter your affectionate friend,<br />
<br />
Th: Jefferson<br />
<br />
P.S. Present me affectionately to Mr. Wythe.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
==Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 29 May 1789==<br />
<blockquote><br />
Dear Uncle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; New York. May 29. 89.<br />
<br />
Your two letters of August 10. 87 and August 6th. 88 came to hand some time in November last; they should have been immediately [156] answered, had not a long and severe indisposition prevented me: When my health would have permited, the season was so far advanced, that I thought it better to wait till this time.<br />
<br />
The spring vacation at Wm. & Mary has given me an opportunity of spending some time here; with the advice of Mr. Madison in my reading, and the advantage of attending the debates of the two houses, I hope it will not pass unprofitably. Thos. Randolph of Tuckhoe (whom I find extremely intelligent and cleaver) lives with me. He intends to remain here till October, and then return to Virginia. If Mr. Madison approves of it I mean to stay with him; the difference between this place and Wmsburg. with respect to expence will be little; and the advantages to be gained here great. I hope therefore he will not object. Before I left Virginia it was said you had sail’d for America, accompanied by your daughters. Would to god, it were so! but Mr. Madison tells me there is no probability of it this summer at least.<br />
<br />
Your sentiments with regard to Mr. Wythe, and the attention which ought to be paid to his precepts perfectly coincide with mine; his public avocations have lately taken up much of his time: so that my attendance on him has not been such as I could have wished. However I have attended to those things which he advised, and taken his counsel whenever I had doubts. The mode of education which he pursues, and to which he is so much attached, is in a measure fallen into disuse, and for my own part I think not entirely without reason. Might not a great part of that time which he bestows on the dead languages, be better employed on the modern languages, natural history, and the Mathematics? I really think it might. Mr. Randolph tells me he has known surprising advantages result from the latter plan. I would not be understood to hint, however, that a knowledge of the Ancient languages is altogether useless. I only mean to suggest a doubt whether that strict and constant attention is necessary, and whether part of it might not be better applied.<br />
<br />
I receiv’d in your last letter a catalogue of books, and you mention that there are many of them in my fathers library. I have examined and find there is not one mentioned in your catalogue among them. Your reasons for declining the Italian (although I think it a delightful language) are so conclusive that I have laid it aside. I am well convinced of the utility of the Spanish, and shall endeavour to acquire a competent knowledge of it. In the pronunciation I fear I shall be deficient, as I have met with no person who professedly teaches it.<br />
<br />
Mr. Smith gives very favourable accounts of Dabney’s genius and dispositions. Saml. is at Wm. & Mary-not bright-but I hope not destitute of genius. Remember me to my Cousins, and Believe me to be Dr Sir, Your dutiful nephew, and affectionate friend,<br />
<br />
Peter Carr<br />
<br />
P.S. I was born the 2d. of January 1770.<br />
</blockquote></div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Peter_Carr&diff=33058Peter Carr2015-01-14T15:44:03Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>Peter Carr (January 2, 1770- February 17, 1815), was born in Goochland County to Dabney Carr and Martha Jefferson Carr.<ref>J. Jefferson Looney, "Carr, Peter" in ''Dictionary of Virginia Biography'', ed. Sara B. Bearss (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 2006), 3:29. All other biographical information derived from this source unless otherwise noted.</ref> He was the nephew of [[Thomas Jefferson]] and had a close relationship with his uncle throughout his life. Jefferson provided Carr’s early education and prepared him for his studies at William & Mary, where he studied from 1786 through 1789. While at the school, Carr was a private student of [[George Wythe]].<br /><br />
<br /> <br />
In addition to studying under Wythe, Carr also attended the professor’s lectures on law.<ref>Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 30 December 1786, [http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-search-1-1&expandNote=on#match ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''.]</ref> Carr’s opinions on Wythe echoed that of his uncle; In Carr’s words, Jefferson’s “sentiments with regard to Mr. Wythe, and the attention which ought to be paid to his precepts perfectly coincide with mine.”<ref>Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 29 May 1789, [http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-search-1-7&expandNote=on#match ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''.]</ref> Despite Carr’s skepticism over the value of an antiquated mode of education, he respected Wythe’s judgment and “attended to those things which he advised, and [took] his counsel whenever [he] had doubts.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> Carr noted that Wythe’s teaching went beyond standard academic subjects, adding “advice and lessons of morality, which are not only pleasing and instructive now, but will be (I hope) of real utility in future.”<ref>Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 18 April 1787, [http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-search-1-4&expandNote=on#match ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''.]</ref> Carr defended Wythe’s character against those who claimed that he had no religion, stating that he “fulfills the great command, Do unto all men as thou wouldst they should do unto thee.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> From Carr’s glowing words, it seems likely that he valued his education under Wythe in a manner similar to his uncle, who hoped that his nephew would “find [it] to have been one of the most fortunate events of [his] life, as I have ever been sensible it was of mine.”<ref>Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr, 10 August 1787, [http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-search-1-5&expandNote=on#match ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''.]</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Carr continued the study of law in 1790 under the guidance of his uncle. He was admitted to the bar in 1793 and engaged in a short-lived practice of the law. Although he inherited slaves and land in 1794, he lived at Monticello until 1796. Carr married Esther Smith Stevenson in 1797 and settled down at the Carrsbrook estate in Albemarle County in 1798.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
Carr was a lifelong Jeffersonian Republican. Although he was unsuccessful in his first bid for election to the Virginia House of Delegates, he won election in 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1807. Although Carr was a member of the majority party, his personality may have alienated the voters as "[a] supporter . . . urged Carr to display less pride and more familiarity with the voters."<ref>Looney, "Peter Carr," 29.</ref> One historian notes that "[d]espite his widely acknowledged gifts, Carr failed to realize Jefferson’s hopes for a distinguished legal or political career, at least in part because of the self-indulgence, corpulence, and 'extreme indolence' of which he stood accused in an otherwise affectionate memoir by a much younger cousin."<ref>Ibid., 30.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1814, Carr joined in the defense of Richmond from the British. He never saw battle and returned to his estate. On February 17, 1815, Carr died at Carrsbrook, shortly after he had written his uncle about his various illnesses. It is likely that he was buried at Monticello.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
After death, Carr’s most enduring legacy was that of scandal. Because of his closeness to Thomas Jefferson and his time living at Monticello, he was believed to have been the father of Sally Hemings’ children. In an 1868 letter, [[Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge]] states that "Col. Randolph informed [her] that Sally Henings [sic] the mistress of Peter, and her sister Betsey the mistress of Samuel – and from these connections sprang the progeny which resembled Mr. Jefferson."<ref>Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge to Joseph Coolidge, 1 June 1868, [http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Letter_from_Ellen_Wayles_Randolph_Coolidge_to_Joseph_Coolidge_October_24_1858 ''Encylopedia Virginia''.]</ref> The publication of Annette Gordon-Reed’s work on Sally Hemings and her children in 1997<ref>Annette Gordon-Reed, ''Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy'' (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997).</ref> and a 1998 DNA analysis confirmed suspicions that Jefferson fathered the Hemings children and dispelled the long-held belief of Carr's responsibility.<ref>Looney, "Carr, Peter," 30.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
[[Jefferson-Carr Correspondence]]<br /><br />
[[Wythe the Teacher]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Peter_Carr&diff=33054Peter Carr2015-01-14T15:39:12Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>Peter Carr (January 2, 1770- February 17, 1815), was born in Goochland County to Dabney Carr and Martha Jefferson Carr.<ref>J. Jefferson Looney, "Carr, Peter" in ''Dictionary of Virginia Biography'', ed. Sara B. Bearss (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 2006), 3:29. All other biographical information derived from this source unless otherwise noted.</ref> He was the nephew of [[Thomas Jefferson]] and had a close relationship with his uncle throughout his life. Jefferson provided Carr’s early education and prepared him for his studies at William & Mary, where he studied from 1786 through 1789. While at the school, Carr was a private student of [[George Wythe]].<br /><br />
<br /> <br />
In addition to studying under Wythe, Carr also attended the professor’s lectures on law.<ref>Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 30 December 1786, [http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-search-1-1&expandNote=on#match ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''.]</ref> Carr’s opinions on Wythe echoed that of his uncle; In Carr’s words, Jefferson’s “sentiments with regard to Mr. Wythe, and the attention which ought to be paid to his precepts perfectly coincide with mine.”<ref>Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 29 May 1789, http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-search-1-7&expandNote=on#match ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''.]</ref> Despite Carr’s skepticism over the value of an antiquated mode of education, he respected Wythe’s judgment and “attended to those things which he advised, and [took] his counsel whenever [he] had doubts.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> Carr noted that Wythe’s teaching went beyond standard academic subjects, adding “advice and lessons of morality, which are not only pleasing and instructive now, but will be (I hope) of real utility in future.”<ref>Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, 18 April 1787, [http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-search-1-4&expandNote=on#match ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''.]</ref> Carr defended Wythe’s character against those who claimed that he had no religion, stating that he “fulfills the great command, Do unto all men as thou wouldst they should do unto thee.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> From Carr’s glowing words, it seems likely that he valued his education under Wythe in a manner similar to his uncle, who hoped that his nephew would “find [it] to have been one of the most fortunate events of [his] life, as I have ever been sensible it was of mine.”<ref>Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr, 10 August 1787, [http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-search-1-5&expandNote=on#match ''The Papers of Thomas Jefferson''.]</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Carr continued the study of law in 1790 under the guidance of his uncle. He was admitted to the bar in 1793 and engaged in a short-lived practice of the law. Although he inherited slaves and land in 1794, he lived at Monticello until 1796. Carr married Esther Smith Stevenson in 1797 and settled down at the Carrsbrook estate in Albemarle County in 1798.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
Carr was a lifelong Jeffersonian Republican. Although he was unsuccessful in his first bid for election to the Virginia House of Delegates, he won election in 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1807. Although Carr was a member of the majority party, his personality may have alienated the voters as "[a] supporter . . . urged Carr to display less pride and more familiarity with the voters."<ref>Looney, "Peter Carr," 29.</ref> One historian notes that "[d]espite his widely acknowledged gifts, Carr failed to realize Jefferson’s hopes for a distinguished legal or political career, at least in part because of the self-indulgence, corpulence, and 'extreme indolence' of which he stood accused in an otherwise affectionate memoir by a much younger cousin."<ref>Ibid., 30.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1814, Carr joined in the defense of Richmond from the British. He never saw battle and returned to his estate. On February 17, 1815, Carr died at Carrsbrook, shortly after he had written his uncle about his various illnesses. It is likely that he was buried at Monticello.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
After death, Carr’s most enduring legacy was that of scandal. Because of his closeness to Thomas Jefferson and his time living at Monticello, he was believed to have been the father of Sally Hemings’ children. In an 1868 letter, [[Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge]] states that "Col. Randolph informed [her] that Sally Henings [sic] the mistress of Peter, and her sister Betsey the mistress of Samuel – and from these connections sprang the progeny which resembled Mr. Jefferson."<ref>Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge to Joseph Coolidge, 1 June 1868, [http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Letter_from_Ellen_Wayles_Randolph_Coolidge_to_Joseph_Coolidge_October_24_1858 ''Encylopedia Virginia''.]</ref> The publication of Annette Gordon-Reed’s work on Sally Hemings and her children in 1997<ref>Annette Gordon-Reed, ''Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy'' (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997).</ref> and a 1998 DNA analysis confirmed suspicions that Jefferson fathered the Hemings children and dispelled the long-held belief of Carr's responsibility.<ref>Looney, "Carr, Peter," 30.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
[[Jefferson-Carr Correspondence]]<br /><br />
[[Wythe the Teacher]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Peter_Carr&diff=33052Peter Carr2015-01-14T15:14:55Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>Peter Carr (January 2, 1770- February 17, 1815), was born in Goochland County to Dabney Carr and Martha Jefferson Carr.<ref>J. Jefferson Looney, "Carr, Peter" in ''Dictionary of Virginia Biography'', ed. Sara B. Bearss (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 2006), 3:29. All other biographical information derived from this source unless otherwise noted.</ref> He was the nephew of [[Thomas Jefferson]] and had a close relationship with his uncle throughout his life. Jefferson provided Carr’s early education and prepared him for his studies at William & Mary, where he studied from 1786 through 1789. While at the school, Carr was a private student of [[George Wythe]].<br /><br />
<br /> <br />
In addition to studying under Wythe, Carr also attended the professor’s lectures on law.</ref>Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, December 30, 1786.</ref> Carr’s opinions on Wythe echoed that of his uncle; In Carr’s words, Jefferson’s “sentiments with regard to Mr. Wythe, and the attention which ought to be paid to his precepts perfectly coincide with mine.”</ref>Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, May 29, 1789.</ref> Despite Carr’s skepticism over the value of an antiquated mode of education, he respected Wythe’s judgment and “attended to those things which he advised, and [took] his counsel whenever [he] had doubts.”</ref>Ibid.</ref> Carr noted that Wythe’s teaching went beyond standard academic subjects, adding “advice and lessons of morality, which are not only pleasing and instructive now, but will be (I hope) of real utility in future.”</ref>Peter Carr to Thomas Jefferson, April 18, 1787.</ref> Carr defended Wythe’s character against those who claimed that he had no religion, stating that he “fulfills the great command, Do unto all men as thou wouldst they should do unto thee.”</ref> Ibid.</ref> From Carr’s glowing words, it seems likely that he valued his education under Wythe in a manner similar to his uncle, who hoped that his nephew would “find [it] to have been one of the most fortunate events of [his] life, as I have ever been sensible it was of mine.”</ref>Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr, August 10, 1787.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Carr continued the study of law in 1790 under the guidance of his uncle. He was admitted to the bar in 1793 and engaged in a short-lived practice of the law. Although he inherited slaves and land in 1794, he lived at Monticello until 1796. Carr married Esther Smith Stevenson in 1797 and settled down at the Carrsbrook estate in Albemarle County in 1798.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
Carr was a lifelong Jeffersonian Republican. Although he was unsuccessful in his first bid for election to the Virginia House of Delegates, he won election in 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1807. Although Carr was a member of the majority party, his personality may have alienated the voters as "[a] supporter . . . urged Carr to display less pride and more familiarity with the voters."<ref>Ibid</ref> One historian notes that "[d]espite his widely acknowledged gifts, Carr failed to realize Jefferson’s hopes for a distinguished legal or political career, at least in part because of the self-indulgence, corpulence, and 'extreme indolence' of which he stood accused in an otherwise affectionate memoir by a much younger cousin."<ref>Ibid. 30.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1814, Carr joined in the defense of Richmond from the British. He never saw battle and returned to his estate. On February 17, 1815, Carr died at Carrsbrook, shortly after he had written his uncle about his various illnesses. It is likely that he was buried at Monticello.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
After death, Carr’s most enduring legacy was that of scandal. Because of his closeness to Thomas Jefferson and his time living at Monticello, he was believed to have been the father of Sally Hemings’ children. In an 1868 letter, [[Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge]] states that "Col. Randolph informed [her] that Sally Henings [sic] the mistress of Peter, and her sister Betsey the mistress of Samuel – and from these connections sprang the progeny which resembled Mr. Jefferson."<ref>Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge to Joseph Coolidge, 1 June 1868, [http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Letter_from_Ellen_Wayles_Randolph_Coolidge_to_Joseph_Coolidge_October_24_1858 ''Encylopedia Virginia''.]</ref> The publication of Annette Gordon-Reed’s work on Sally Hemings and her children in 1997<ref>Annette Gordon-Reed, ''Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy'' (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997).</ref> and a 1998 DNA analysis confirmed suspicions that Jefferson fathered the Hemings children and dispelled the long-held belief of Carr's responsibility.<ref>Looney, "Carr, Peter," 30.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
[[Jefferson-Carr Correspondence]]<br /><br />
[[Wythe the Teacher]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Edmund_Pendleton&diff=32154Edmund Pendleton2014-11-25T15:02:37Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Pendleton Edmund Pendleton] was born in 1721 in Caroline County. After receiving only 2 years of formal education, Pendleton entered an apprenticeship with Benjamin Robinson, clerk of the Caroline County court.<ref>John E. Selby, "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/68725 Pendleton, Edmund (1721–1803)],” in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', accessed February 3, 2014.</ref> Over the course of his apprenticeship, Pendleton focused most of his efforts on learning tactics of debate and political pleadings rather than the principles of jurisprudence.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Two years into his apprenticeship, at the age of sixteen, he became clerk of the vestry of St. Mary's parish.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Pendleton continued his ascent three years later and was named clerk of the Caroline County Court-Martial.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1741, at the conclusion of his apprenticeship, he was admitted to practice law at the Caroline County Court.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Pendleton was named justice of the peace for Caroline County in 1751, and a year later won election to the House of Burgesses.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He served on numerous standing committees and was regarded as a legislative leader by 1754.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1766, Pendleton became involved in one of colonial Virginia’s biggest scandals when he became executor of Benjamin Robinson’s estate.<ref>Ibid.</ref> It was discovered that Robinson had misused his political position as colonial treasurer to make favorable loans to certain planters.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Pendleton worked hard to redeem the name of his mentor for the rest of his life.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br><br />
<br /><br />
In the time leading up to the Revolutionary War, Pendleton was seen as a moderate who sought to maintain legal order while still demonstrating a strong opposition to colonial rule.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Because of his more conservative tendencies, Pendleton frequently disagreed with Patrick Henry, whom he regarded as a demagogue.<ref>Thomas P. Abernathy, Vol. VII, Part 2, ''Dictionary of American Biography'' ed. Dumas Malone, 417-418.</ref> In 1774 Pendleton represented Virginia at the First Continental Congress.<ref>Ibid. 417</ref> He participated in the Virginia Convention of 1776 and, along with George Wythe and Thomas Jefferson, revised Virginia’s colonial laws.<ref>Ibid 418</ref> A fall from a horse in 1777 crippled Pendleton for the rest of his life and prematurely ended his legislative career.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He became a judge in the court of chancery and, in 1779, became president of the supreme court of appeals.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Pendleton was known for being a great debater, a cautious and conservative judge, and a steadfast Virginian.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Pendleton died in 1803.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
==Rivalry with Wythe==<br />
Pendleton and [[George Wythe]] were bitter rivals in the courtroom and had drastically different approaches to how they applied the law. Pendleton was known for a more adept, dynamic court room presence, while Wythe exhibited a more scholarly and rigid outward appearance.<ref>John R. Vile, "Edmund Pendleton," in ''Great American Lawyers: an Encyclopedia'' (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2001), 549.</ref> Wythe would often gloss over concepts and facts that he considered irrefutable, while Pendleton would explain such issues as a common man would.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This approach often garnered Pendleton more support in the courts and made him seem more "cool, smooth and persuasive," consistent with [[Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson's]] description of as "the ablest man in debate I have ever met."<ref>Ibid., 550.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Henry Clay, who worked for and studied under Wythe from ? to ?, described the differences between Wythe and Pendleton thusly: "Mr. Pendleton was far less learned than Mr. Wythe, but he possessed more versatile talents, was an accomplished gentleman, and better adapted to success in general society and in the busy world."<ref>Ibid.</ref> Pendleton often bested Wythe in their courtroom debates and Clay once recounted a story that exhibited the nature of their rivalry: <br />
<blockquote>On one occasion, when Mr. Wythe, being opposed to Mr. Pendleton, lost a case, in a moment of vexation he declared, in the presence of a friend, that he would quit the bar, go home, take orders, and enter the pulpit. You had better not do that replied his friend; for if you do, Mr. Pendleton will go home, take orders, and enter the pulpit too, and beat you there.<ref>Ibid.</ref></blockquote> <br />
<br />
Within months of the adoption of the [[Declaration of Independence]], the Virginia House of Delegates appointed a committee to revise the new Commonwealth's colonial laws. The committee consisted of Pendleton, Thomas Jefferson, George Mason, Thomas Ludwell Lee, and Wythe.<ref>Alonzo Thomas Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'' (Williamsburg, Va.: Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission, 1979), 37.</ref> In early 1777, the non-attorneys, Mason and Lee, resigned from the committee leaving the bulk of the work to the other three members. Jefferson assumed the task of examining ancient English laws before the settlement of the colony; Wythe, English laws passed since 1607; and Pendleton, Virginia statutes.<ref>John E. Selby, "Pendleton, Edmund (1721–1803).”</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
This collaboration was short-lived, and the rivalry between Wythe and Pendleton that first arose during their time as lawyers arguing before the colony’s General Court continued to simmer. Pendleton was named Chief Justice of the newly created High Court of Chancery in 1777, where his associates were George Wythe and Robert Carter Nicholas.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1789 Pendleton left the chancery court and took on the role of Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals, the highest court in the Commonwealth.<ref>Alonzo Thomas Dill, ''George Wythe, Teacher of Liberty'', 74.</ref> Pendleton was now one level above Wythe and would go on to repeatedly overrule or reverse a majority of the opinions that Wythe authored.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Wythe eventually authored an unprecedented [[ Decisions of Cases in Virginia by the High Court of Chancery|volume of reports]] in which he attacked Pendleton’s treatment of his opinions.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Pendleton was incited by Wythe’s written attacks, but decided not to respond because most Virginians were unable to fully comprehend the attacks and still held both men in high esteem.<ref>Ibid., 75.</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
<references/><br />
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[[Category:Wythe's Colleagues]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Peter_Carr&diff=32118Peter Carr2014-11-20T15:39:58Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>Peter Carr (January 2, 1770- February 17, 1815), was born in Goochland County to Dabney Carr and Martha Jefferson Carr.<ref>J. Jefferson Looney, “Carr, Peter” in Vol. 3 of Dictionary of Virginia Biography ed. Sara B. Bearss (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 2006), 29.</ref> He was the nephew of Thomas Jefferson and had a close relationship with his uncle throughout his life.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Jefferson provided Carr’s early education and prepared him for his studies at William & Mary, where he studied from 1786 through 1789.<ref>Ibid.</ref> While at the school, Carr was a private student of George Wythe.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He studied law, however, not under Wythe, but in 1790 under the guidance of his uncle.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was admitted to the bar in 1793 and engaged in a short-lived practice of the law.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although he inherited slaves and land in 1794, he lived at Monticello until 1796.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Carr Married Esther Smith Stevenson in 1797 and settled down at the Carrsbrook estate in Albemarle County in 1798.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Carr was a lifelong Jeffersonian Republican.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although he was unsuccessful in his first bid for election to the Virginia House of Delegates, he won election in 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1807.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although Carr was a member of the majority party, his personality may have alienated the voters as “[a] supporter . . . urged Carr to display less pride and more familiarity with the voters.”<ref>Ibid</ref> One historian notes that “[d]espite his widely acknowledged gifts, Carr failed to realize Jefferson’s hopes for a distinguished legal or political career, at least in part because of the self-indulgence, corpulence, and ‘extreme indolence’ of which he stood accused in an otherwise affectionate memoir by a much younger cousin.”<ref>Ibid. 30.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1814, Carr joined in the defense of Richmond from the British. He never saw battle and returned to his estate. <ref>Ibid.</ref> On February 17, 1815, Carr died at Carrsbrook, shortly after he had written his uncle about his various illnesses. It is likely that he was buried at Monticello.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
After death, Carr’s most enduring legacy was that of scandal. Because of his closeness to Thomas Jefferson and his time living at Monticello, it was he that was believed to have been the father of Sally Hemings’ children.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In an 1868 letter, Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge states that “Col. Randolph informed [her] that Sally Henings [sic]the mistress of Peter, and her sister Betsey the mistress of Samuel – and from these connections sprang the progeny which resembled Mr. Jefferson.”<ref>Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge to Joseph Coolidge, 1 June 1868, [http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Letter_from_Ellen_Wayles_Randolph_Coolidge_to_Joseph_Coolidge_October_24_1858 Encylopedia Virginia]</ref> Despite suspicions that Jefferson was the father, Peter Carr was widely believed to be the father of Heming’s children until the publication of Annette Gordon-Reed’s work on the subject and a 1998 DNA analysis.<ref>J. Jefferson Looney, “Carr, Peter,” 30.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
[[Wythe the Teacher]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Peter_Carr&diff=32116Peter Carr2014-11-20T15:34:01Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>Peter Carr (January 2, 1770- February 17, 1815), was born in Goochland County to Dabney Carr and Martha Jefferson Carr.<ref>J. Jefferson Looney, “Carr, Peter” in Vol. 3 of Dictionary of Virginia Biography ed. Sara B. Bearss (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 2006), 29.</ref> He was the nephew of Thomas Jefferson and had a close relationship with his uncle throughout his life.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Jefferson provided Carr’s early education and prepared him for his studies at William & Mary, where he studied from 1786 through 1789.<ref>Ibid.</ref> While at the school, Carr was a private student of George Wythe.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He studied law, however, not under Wythe, but in 1790 under the guidance of his uncle.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was admitted to the bar in 1793 and engaged in a short-lived practice of the law.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although he inherited slaves and land in 1794, he lived at Monticello until 1796.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Carr Married Esther Smith Stevenson in 1797 and settled down at the Carrsbrook estate in Albemarle County in 1798.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Carr was a lifelong Jeffersonian Republican.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although he was unsuccessful in his first bid for election to the Virginia House of Delegates, he won election in 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1807.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although Carr was a member of the majority party, his personality may have alienated the voters as “[a] supporter . . . urged Carr to display less pride and more familiarity with the voters.”<ref>Ibid</ref> One historian notes that “[d]espite his widely acknowledged gifts, Carr failed to realize Jefferson’s hopes for a distinguished legal or political career, at least in part because of the self-indulgence, corpulence, and ‘extreme indolence’ of which he stood accused in an otherwise affectionate memoir by a much younger cousin.”<ref>Ibid. 30.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1814, Carr joined in the defense of Richmond from the British. He never saw battle and returned to his estate. <ref>Ibid.</ref> On February 17, 1815, Carr died at Carrsbrook, shortly after he had written his uncle about his various illnesses. It is likely that he was buried at Monticello.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
After death, Carr’s most enduring legacy was that of scandal. Because of his closeness to Thomas Jefferson and his time living at Monticello, it was he that was believed to have been the father of Sally Hemings’ children.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In an 1868 letter, Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge states that “Col. Randolph informed [her] that Sally Henings [sic]the mistress of Peter, and her sister Betsey the mistress of Samuel – and from these connections sprang the progeny which resembled Mr. Jefferson.”<ref>Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge to Joseph Coolidge, 1 June 1868, [http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Letter_from_Ellen_Wayles_Randolph_Coolidge_to_Joseph_Coolidge_October_24_1858 Encylopedia Virginia]</ref> Despite suspicions that Jefferson was the father, Peter Carr was widely believed to be the father of Heming’s children until the publication of Annette Gordon-Reed’s work on the subject and a 1998 DNA analysis.<ref>J. Jefferson Looney, “Carr, Peter,” 30.</ref><br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Peter_Carr&diff=32114Peter Carr2014-11-20T15:33:43Z<p>Jmsanders: Created page with "Peter Carr (January 2, 1770- February 17, 1815), was born in Goochland County to Dabney Carr and Martha Jefferson Carr.<ref>J. Jefferson Looney, “Carr, Peter” in Vol. 3 of..."</p>
<hr />
<div>Peter Carr (January 2, 1770- February 17, 1815), was born in Goochland County to Dabney Carr and Martha Jefferson Carr.<ref>J. Jefferson Looney, “Carr, Peter” in Vol. 3 of Dictionary of Virginia Biography ed. Sara B. Bearss (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 2006), 29.</ref> He was the nephew of Thomas Jefferson and had a close relationship with his uncle throughout his life.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Jefferson provided Carr’s early education and prepared him for his studies at William & Mary, where he studied from 1786 through 1789.<ref>Ibid.</ref> While at the school, Carr was a private student of George Wythe.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He studied law, however, not under Wythe, but in 1790 under the guidance of his uncle.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was admitted to the bar in 1793 and engaged in a short-lived practice of the law.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although he inherited slaves and land in 1794, he lived at Monticello until 1796.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Carr Married Esther Smith Stevenson in 1797 and settled down at the Carrsbrook estate in Albemarle County in 1798.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Carr was a lifelong Jeffersonian Republican.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although he was unsuccessful in his first bid for election to the Virginia House of Delegates, he won election in 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1807.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although Carr was a member of the majority party, his personality may have alienated the voters as “[a] supporter . . . urged Carr to display less pride and more familiarity with the voters.”<ref>Ibid</ref> One historian notes that “[d]espite his widely acknowledged gifts, Carr failed to realize Jefferson’s hopes for a distinguished legal or political career, at least in part because of the self-indulgence, corpulence, and ‘extreme indolence’ of which he stood accused in an otherwise affectionate memoir by a much younger cousin.”<ref>Ibid. 30.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1814, Carr joined in the defense of Richmond from the British. He never saw battle and returned to his estate. <ref>Ibid.</ref> On February 17, 1815, Carr died at Carrsbrook, shortly after he had written his uncle about his various illnesses. It is likely that he was buried at Monticello.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
After death, Carr’s most enduring legacy was that of scandal. Because of his closeness to Thomas Jefferson and his time living at Monticello, it was he that was believed to have been the father of Sally Hemings’ children.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In an 1868 letter, Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge states that “Col. Randolph informed [her] that Sally Henings [sic]the mistress of Peter, and her sister Betsey the mistress of Samuel – and from these connections sprang the progeny which resembled Mr. Jefferson.”<ref>Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge to Joseph Coolidge, 1 June 1868, [http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Letter_from_Ellen_Wayles_Randolph_Coolidge_to_Joseph_Coolidge_October_24_1858 Encylopedia Virginia]</ref> Despite suspicions that Jefferson was the father, Peter Carr was widely believed to be the father of Heming’s children until the publication of Annette Gordon-Reed’s work on the subject and a 1998 DNA analysis.<ref>J. Jefferson Looney, “Carr, Peter,” 30.</ref><br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
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{{Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=James_Breckinridge&diff=32086James Breckinridge2014-11-18T15:30:25Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
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<div><br />
James Breckinridge (March 7, 1763 – May 13, 1833), was a Virginia lawyer and Federalist politician born in Augusta County, Virginia (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botetourt_County,_Virginia Botetourt County]) to Robert Breckenridge and Lettice Preston.<ref>Philander D. Chase, [http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James''], ''American National Biography Online'', accessed November 18, 2014.</ref> James was not the only politically active member of his family, as his older brother [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/John_Breckinridge John] was attorney general to [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson].<ref>Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James” in “Dictionary of Virginia Biography” ed. Allen Johnson & Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958), 6.</ref> Like his brother, James spelled his family name with an “i” instead of an “e.” <ref>Philander D. Chase, [http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James'']</ref> James’ early schooling was erratic because of the American Revolution and in 1781, at the age of only eighteen, he joined a corps of western riflemen.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Later the same year, Breckinridge became an officer under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_Greene General Nathanael Greene] in North Carolina.<ref> Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James.”</ref> Later in life, James resumed his military career for a brief time: at the age of 51 and on account of the War of 1812, Virginia’s governor appointed him brigadier general of the Third Brigade of state militia.<ref> Philander D. Chase, [http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James'']</ref> The militia guarded Richmond and reinforced troops in Baltimore, but it did not see combat.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1782, James began his career in public service as the Deputy Clerk of Botetourt County.<ref>Ibid.</ref> By 1784 he had become a land surveyor and, like many of his time, sought to settle in Kentucky.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Instead, he entered the College of William & Mary in November 1786.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Like his brother John, James studied law under [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/George_Wythe George Wythe].<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1788, James attended the Virginia Ratifying Convention, at which time his Federalist leanings were already becoming apparent.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He abandoned his studies in 1788, but was admitted to the bar in 1789.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1789, James was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, the first of his 13 terms.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He interrupted his time in the House of Delegates in the mid 1790’s, when he served as a commonwealth attorney.<ref>Ibid.</ref> James became active in national politics in 1809, when he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He served four terms and returned to the Virginia House of Delegates.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Unlike his Republican brother John, James was a Federalist.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Because this was a minority party at the time, James’ political career was stunted and he lost elections for United States Senate, and for Virginia Governor.<ref>Ibid.</ref> As a politician, James supported the creation of roads and plans for the University of Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
He married Anne Selden in 1791 and settled in Botetourt County on a plantation he named Grove Hill.<ref>Ibid.</ref> They were married at Old St. John’s Church in Richmond by Reverend James Buchanan on New Year’s Day 1791.<ref> Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James.”</ref> James and Anne had 10 children and 49 slaves.<ref> Philander D. Chase, [http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James'']</ref> In his later life, James served as a member of the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He served in this position until his death at Grove Hill in 1833.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
[[Wythe the Teacher]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=James_Breckinridge&diff=32084James Breckinridge2014-11-18T15:28:46Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
James Breckinridge (March 7, 1763 – May 13, 1833), was a Virginia lawyer and Federalist politician born in Augusta County, Virginia (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botetourt_County,_Virginia Botetourt County]) to Robert Breckenridge and Lettice Preston.<ref>Philander D. Chase,[http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James''], ''American National Biography Online'', accessed November 18, 2014.</ref> James was not the only politically active member of his family, as his older brother [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/John_Breckinridge John] was attorney general to [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson].<ref>Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James” in “Dictionary of Virginia Biography” ed. Allen Johnson & Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958), 6.</ref> Like his brother, James spelled his family name with an “i” instead of an “e.” <ref>Philander D. Chase,[http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James'']</ref> James’ early schooling was erratic because of the American Revolution and in 1781, at the age of only eighteen, he joined a corps of western riflemen.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Later the same year, Breckinridge became an officer under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_Greene General Nathanael Greene] in North Carolina.<ref> Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James.”</ref> Later in life, James resumed his military career for a brief time: at the age of 51 and on account of the War of 1812, Virginia’s governor appointed him brigadier general of the Third Brigade of state militia.<ref> Philander D. Chase,[ http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James'']</ref> The militia guarded Richmond and reinforced troops in Baltimore, but it did not see combat.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1782, James began his career in public service as the Deputy Clerk of Botetourt County.<ref>Ibid.</ref> By 1784 he had become a land surveyor and, like many of his time, sought to settle in Kentucky.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Instead, he entered the College of William & Mary in November 1786.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Like his brother John, James studied law under [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/George_Wythe George Wythe].<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1788, James attended the Virginia Ratifying Convention, at which time his Federalist leanings were already becoming apparent.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He abandoned his studies in 1788, but was admitted to the bar in 1789.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1789, James was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, the first of his 13 terms.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He interrupted his time in the House of Delegates in the mid 1790’s, when he served as a commonwealth attorney.<ref>Ibid.</ref> James became active in national politics in 1809, when he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He served four terms and returned to the Virginia House of Delegates.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Unlike his Republican brother John, James was a Federalist.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Because this was a minority party at the time, James’ political career was stunted and he lost elections for United States Senate, and for Virginia Governor.<ref>Ibid.</ref> As a politician, James supported the creation of roads and plans for the University of Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
He married Anne Selden in 1791 and settled in Botetourt County on a plantation he named Grove Hill.<ref>Ibid.</ref> They were married at Old St. John’s Church in Richmond by Reverend James Buchanan on New Year’s Day 1791.<ref> Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James.”</ref> James and Anne had 10 children and 49 slaves.<ref> Philander D. Chase,[http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James'']</ref> In his later life, James served as a member of the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He served in this position until his death at Grove Hill in 1833.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
[[Wythe the Teacher]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=James_Breckinridge&diff=32082James Breckinridge2014-11-18T15:25:32Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
James Breckinridge (March 7, 1763 – May 13, 1833), was a Virginia lawyer and Federalist politician born in Augusta County, Virginia (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botetourt_County,_Virginia Botetourt County]) to Robert Breckenridge and Lettice Preston.<ref>Philander D. Chase,[ http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James''], ''American National Biography Online'', accessed November 18, 2014.</ref> James was not the only politically active member of his family, as his older brother [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/John_Breckinridge John] was attorney general to [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson].<ref>Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James” in “Dictionary of Virginia Biography” ed. Allen Johnson & Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958), 6.</ref> Like his brother, James spelled his family name with an “i” instead of an “e.” <ref>Philander D. Chase,[ http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James'']</ref> James’ early schooling was erratic because of the American Revolution and in 1781, at the age of only eighteen, he joined a corps of western riflemen.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Later the same year, Breckinridge became an officer under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_Greene General Nathanael Greene] in North Carolina.<ref> Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James.”</ref> Later in life, James resumed his military career for a brief time: at the age of 51 and on account of the War of 1812, Virginia’s governor appointed him brigadier general of the Third Brigade of state militia.<ref> Philander D. Chase,[ http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James'']</ref> The militia guarded Richmond and reinforced troops in Baltimore, but it did not see combat.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1782, James began his career in public service as the Deputy Clerk of Botetourt County.<ref>Ibid.</ref> By 1784 he had become a land surveyor and, like many of his time, sought to settle in Kentucky.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Instead, he entered the College of William & Mary in November 1786.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Like his brother John, James studied law under [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/George_Wythe George Wythe].<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1788, James attended the Virginia Ratifying Convention, at which time his Federalist leanings were already becoming apparent.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He abandoned his studies in 1788, but was admitted to the bar in 1789.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1789, James was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, the first of his 13 terms.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He interrupted his time in the House of Delegates in the mid 1790’s, when he served as a commonwealth attorney.<ref>Ibid.</ref> James became active in national politics in 1809, when he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He served four terms and returned to the Virginia House of Delegates.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Unlike his Republican brother John, James was a Federalist.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Because this was a minority party at the time, James’ political career was stunted and he lost elections for United States Senate, and for Virginia Governor.<ref>Ibid.</ref> As a politician, James supported the creation of roads and plans for the University of Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
He married Anne Selden in 1791 and settled in Botetourt County on a plantation he named Grove Hill.<ref>Ibid.</ref> They were married at Old St. John’s Church in Richmond by Reverend James Buchanan on New Year’s Day 1791.<ref> Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James.”</ref> James and Anne had 10 children and 49 slaves.<ref> Philander D. Chase,[ http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James'']</ref> In his later life, James served as a member of the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He served in this position until his death at Grove Hill in 1833.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
[[Wythe the Teacher]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=James_Breckinridge&diff=32080James Breckinridge2014-11-18T15:20:36Z<p>Jmsanders: Created page with " James Breckinridge (March 7, 1763 – May 13, 1833), was a Virginia lawyer and Federalist politician born in Augusta County, Virginia (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botet..."</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
James Breckinridge (March 7, 1763 – May 13, 1833), was a Virginia lawyer and Federalist politician born in Augusta County, Virginia (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botetourt_County,_Virginia Botetourt County]) to Robert Breckenridge and Lettice Preston.<ref>Philander D. Chase,[ http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James''], ''American National Biography Online'', accessed November 18, 2014.</ref> James was not the only politically active member of his family, as his older brother [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/John_Breckinridge John] was attorney general to [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson].<ref>Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James” in “Dictionary of Virginia Biography” ed. Allen Johnson & Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958), 6.</ref> Like his brother, James spelled his family name with an “i” instead of an “e.” <ref>Philander D. Chase,[ http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James'']</ref> James’ early schooling was erratic because of the American Revolution and in 1781, at the age of only eighteen, he joined a corps of western riflemen.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Later the same year, Breckinridge became an officer under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanael_Greene General Nathanael Greene] in North Carolina.<ref> Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James.”</ref> Later in life, James resumed his military career for a brief time: at the age of 51 and on account of the War of 1812, Virginia’s governor appointed him brigadier general of the Third Brigade of state militia.<ref> Philander D. Chase,[ http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1“Breckinridge, James”]</ref> The militia guarded Richmond and reinforced troops in Baltimore, but it did not see combat.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1782, James began his career in public service as the Deputy Clerk of Botetourt County.<ref>Ibid.</ref> By 1784 he had become a land surveyor and, like many of his time, sought to settle in Kentucky.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Instead, he entered the College of William & Mary in November 1786.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Like his brother John, James studied law under [http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/George_Wythe George Wythe].<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1788, James attended the Virginia Ratifying Convention, at which time his Federalist leanings were already becoming apparent.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He abandoned his studies in 1788, but was admitted to the bar in 1789.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1789, James was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, the first of his 13 terms.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He interrupted his time in the House of Delegates in the mid 1790’s, when he served as a commonwealth attorney.<ref>Ibid.</ref> James became active in national politics in 1809, when he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He served four terms and returned to the Virginia House of Delegates.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Unlike his Republican brother John, James was a Federalist.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Because this was a minority party at the time, James’ political career was stunted and he lost elections for United States Senate, and for Virginia Governor.<ref>Ibid.</ref> As a politician, James supported the creation of roads and plans for the University of Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
He married Anne Selden in 1791 and settled in Botetourt County on a plantation he named Grove Hill.<ref>Ibid.</ref> They were married at Old St. John’s Church in Richmond by Reverend James Buchanan on New Year’s Day 1791.<ref> Mary Newton Stanard, “Breckenridge, James.”</ref> James and Anne had 10 children and 49 slaves.<ref> Philander D. Chase,[ http://www.anb.org/articles/03/03-00062.html?a=1&n=James%20Breckinridge&d=10&ss=0&q=1 ''Breckinridge, James'']</ref> In his later life, James served as a member of the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He served in this position until his death at Grove Hill in 1833.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
[[Wythe the Teacher]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Collection_of_All_Such_Acts_of_the_General_Assembly_of_Virginia_(1803)&diff=31970Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia (1803)2014-11-13T18:58:01Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia''}}<br />
<big>''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, of a Public and Permanent Nature, as are Now in Force: to Which are Prefixed the Declaration of Rights, and Constitution, or Form of Government''</big><br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
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|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/515843<br />
|shorttitle=A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, of a Public and Permanent Nature<br />
|commontitle=Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia (1803)<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=Richmond<br />
|publisher=Printed by S. Pleasants, Jun. and H. Pace<br />
|year=1803<br />
|pages=v, 454, 72<br />
|desc=4to. (26 cm.)<br />
}}<br />
Collection of All Such Acts, 1803:<br />
''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia'' was published in 1803 and authorized by a 1792 act of the General Assembly.<ref>''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, of a Public and Permanent Nature, as are Now in Force: to Which are Prefixed the Declaration of Rights, and Constitution, or Form of Government'' (Richmond: Samuel Pleasants, Jr. & Henry Pace, 1803) i.</ref> The ''Collection'' builds upon the 1794 edition, a work that had become “extremely scarce” and, although it costed eight dollars when it was published, had become “almost impossible to obtain . . . at any price whatever.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> Aside from being rare, the 1794 edition had also become obsolete; many of the laws contained within it had been revised and repealed.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This meant that the practicing lawyer needed to have the yearly-published folios containing the amendments to the 1794 edition in order to know the law.<ref>Ibid.</ref> It was partially in the interest of preventing practitioners from having to carry a “portmanteau large enough to contain such masses of print and paper.”<ref>Ibid. ii-iii</ref> In order to prevent the scarcity that occurred for the 1794 edition, the legislature passed an act that ensured the printing of enough copies.<ref>Ibid. 430.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
The 1803 edition contains seven additional years of cases and covers the period from 1782-1802. The laws passed in these years, however, number 126 and comprise about 2/5 of the volume.<ref>Ibid. ii</ref> Important for George Wythe, the ''Collection'' contains laws setting the salary of the Judge of the High Court of Chancery at $1,556.67.<ref>Ibid. 353.</ref> In 1802, this amount was reduced to $1,500 when the legislature dissolved the High Court of Chancery and created the Superior Courts of Chancery.<ref>Ibid. 428-429.</ref> In addition, the ''Collection'' includes acts for regulating the militia, inspecting food, inspecting tobacco, and establishing public schools.<ref>Ibid. 331, 352, 365, 354.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> <br />
The ''Collection'' also deals with slavery and freed slaves. One act required a yearly tax to be paid on slaves of 44 cents for every hundred dollars in value.<ref>Ibid. 395.</ref> Another act outlined proceedings for persons believed to be illegally detained in slavery.<ref>Ibid 346.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Overall, the laws contained in the ''Collection'' reveal the increasing importance of the legislative body. The significant problems posed by the scarcity of the older volume demonstrate the pressing need for accurate and up to date editions in the early Commonwealth. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/515843 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Statutes]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]<br />
[[Category:Virginia Statutes]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Collection_of_All_Such_Acts_of_the_General_Assembly_of_Virginia_(1794)&diff=31968Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia (1794)2014-11-13T15:26:32Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia''}}<br />
<big>''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia: of a Public and Permanent Nature as are now in Force, with a Table of the Principal Matters to Which are Prefixed the Declaration of Rights, and Constitution, or Form of Government''</big><br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/492922<br />
|shorttitle=A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, of a Public and Permanent Nature<br />
|commontitle=Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia (1794)<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=Richmond<br />
|publisher=Augustine Davis, printer for the Commonwealth<br />
|year=1794<br />
|pages=380<br />
|desc=Folio (35 cm.)<br />
}}<br />
''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia'' was published in 1794 and authorized by a 1792 act of the General Assembly.<ref>''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, of a Public and Permanent Nature, as are Now in Force: to Which are Prefixed the Declaration of Rights, and Constitution, or Form of Government'' (Richmond: Augustine Davis, 1794) i.</ref> The ''Collection'' starts with a few of Virginia’s historical milestones, including the Virginia Declaration of Rights, the Virginia Constitution, and a 1748 act confirming grants made by the King.<ref>Ibid., 1-10.</ref> The laws reflect the need for set standards in the Commonwealth and include acts creating property rights for authors of literary works, defining the law regarding shipwrecks, and establishing a Virginia Statute of Frauds.<ref>Ibid., 14-15.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> <br />
The laws also reflect the increasing importance of commerce in the Commonwealth. An important 1786 Act ratified an agreement made between Maryland and Virginia concerning commerce on the Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River.<ref>Ibid., 23-26.</ref> Other laws dealt with circulation of private bank notes, creation of roads, regulation of food, conveyance of land to the United States for the purpose of building a light house, and navigation of the James River.<ref>Ibid., 16, 26, 30-31, 44, 54.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> <br />
After independence, Virginia became increasingly concerned with the competency and virtue of its public officers and the ''Collection'' contains numerous laws about public officials. One law, in particular dealt with the practice of bribery and the sale of public office.<ref>Ibid., 56-57.</ref> In particular, the General Assembly directed its focus on reforming and standardizing the court system: the ''Collection'' contains rules on the general, district, and county courts.<ref>Ibid., 69, 72, 83.</ref> Importantly for George Wythe, a 1792 law concerned the High Court of Chancery and, in addition to providing the boundaries of its jurisdiction and procedure, required that the Court “shall consist of one Judge, to be chosen and commissioned in the manner as directed by the Constitution of this Commonwealth.”<ref>Ibid., 63-69.</ref> One 1792 act provided guidelines for counsel and attorneys at law.<ref>Ibid., 96.</ref> These laws may have their origin in Thomas Jefferson’s concern, reflected in earlier laws passed in 1776-1779, that “swarms of petty lawyers would corrupt the grand designs for republican law that he had in mind for Virginia.”<ref>A.G. Roeber, ''Faithful Magistrates and Republican Lawyers'', (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981) 167.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
The ''Collection'' also deals with slavery and freed slaves. One act banned the importation of slaves from West Africa and the importation of freed slaves from neighboring states. <ref>''A Collection of All Such Acts'', 315-16.</ref> The same act required triennial registration of all freed slaves.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Freed men and women were required to carry a certificate confirming registration status at all times and needed the document in order to gain employment.<ref>Ibid</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Overall, the laws contained in the ''Collection'' reveal the concerns of lawmakers in the early years of independence and reflect the desire to regulate government, society, and commerce.<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/492922 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Statutes]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]<br />
[[Category:Virginia Statutes]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Collection_of_All_Such_Acts_of_the_General_Assembly_of_Virginia_(1803)&diff=31624Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia (1803)2014-11-06T22:13:35Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia''}}<br />
<big>''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, of a Public and Permanent Nature, as are Now in Force: to Which are Prefixed the Declaration of Rights, and Constitution, or Form of Government''</big><br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/515843<br />
|shorttitle=A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, of a Public and Permanent Nature<br />
|commontitle=Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia (1803)<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=Richmond<br />
|publisher=Printed by S. Pleasants, Jun. and H. Pace<br />
|year=1803<br />
|pages=v, 454, 72<br />
|desc=4to. (26 cm.)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia'' was published in 1803 and authorized by a 1792 act of the General Assembly.<ref>''A Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, of a Public and Permanent Nature, as are Now in Force: to Which are Prefixed the Declaration of Rights, and Constitution, or Form of Government'' (Richmond: Samuel Pleasants, Jr. & Henry Pace, 1803) i.</ref> The ''Collection'' starts with a few of Virginia’s historical milestones, including the Virginia Declaration of Rights, the Virginia Constitution, and a 1748 act confirming grants made by the King.<ref>Ibid., 1-10.</ref> The laws reflect the need for set standards in the Commonwealth and include acts creating property rights for authors of literary works, defining the law regarding shipwrecks, and establishing a Virginia Statute of Frauds.<ref>Ibid., 14-15.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> <br />
The laws also reflect the increasing importance of commerce in the Commonwealth. An important 1786 Act ratified an agreement made between Maryland and Virginia concerning commerce on the Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River.<ref>Ibid., 23-26.</ref> Other laws dealt with circulation of private bank notes, creation of roads, regulation of food, conveyance of land to the United States for the purpose of building a light house, and navigation of the James River.<ref>Ibid., 16, 26, 30-31, 44, 54.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> <br />
After independence, Virginia became increasingly concerned with the competency and virtue of its public officers and the ''Collection'' contains numerous laws about public officials. One law, in particular dealt with the practice of bribery and the sale of public office.<ref>Ibid., 56-57.</ref> In particular, the General Assembly directed its focus on reforming and standardizing the court system: the ''Collection'' contains rules on the general, district, and county courts.<ref>Ibid., 69, 72, 83.</ref> Importantly for George Wythe, a 1792 law concerned the High Court of Chancery and, in addition to providing the boundaries of its jurisdiction and procedure, required that the Court “shall consist of one Judge, to be chosen and commissioned in the manner as directed by the Constitution of this Commonwealth.”<ref>Ibid., 63-69.</ref> One 1792 act provided guidelines for counsel and attorneys at law.<ref>Ibid., 96.</ref> These laws may have their origin in Thomas Jefferson’s concern, reflected in earlier laws passed in 1776-1779, that “swarms of petty lawyers would corrupt the grand designs for republican law that he had in mind for Virginia.”<ref>A.G. Roeber, ''Faithful Magistrates and Republican Lawyers'', (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981) 167.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
The ''Collection'' also deals with slavery and freed slaves. One act required a yearly tax to be paid on slaves of 44 cents for every hundred dollars in value.<ref>''A Collection of All Such Acts'', 395.</ref> Another act banned the importation of slaves from West Africa and the importation of freed slaves from neighboring states.<ref>Ibid., 315-16.</ref> The same act required triennial registration of all freed slaves.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Freed men and women were required to carry a certificate confirming registration status at all times and needed the document in order to gain employment.<ref>Ibid</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Overall, the laws contained in the ''Collection'' reveal the concerns of lawmakers in the early years of independence and reflect the desire to regulate government, society, and commerce. <br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/515843 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Statutes]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]<br />
[[Category:Virginia Statutes]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Collection_of_All_the_Acts_of_Assembly_Now_in_Force_in_the_Colony_of_Virginia&diff=31568Collection of All the Acts of Assembly Now in Force in the Colony of Virginia2014-11-04T17:56:32Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Collection of All the Acts of Assembly, Now in Force, in the Colony of Virginia''}}<br />
<big>''Collection of All the Acts of Assembly, Now in Force, in the Colony of Virginia with the Titles of Such as are Expir'd, or Repeal'd. And Notes in the Margin, Shewing How, and at What Time, They were Repeal'd. Examin'd with the Records, by a Committee Appointed for that Purpose. Who have Added Many Useful Marginal Notes, and References and an Exact Table. ''</big><br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/64182<br />
|shorttitle=Collection of All the Acts of Assembly, Now in Force, in the Colony of Virginia<br />
|commontitle=Acts of the Colony of Virginia (1733)<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=Richmond<br />
|publisher=Printed by William Parks<br />
|year=1733<br />
|pages=3, 622<br />
|desc=Folio (33 cm.)<br />
}}<br />
''The Collection of Acts'' was published in 1733 at the order of the Virginia General Assembly and includes the years 1661-1732.<ref>‘'Collection of all the Acts of Assembly, Now in Force, in the Colony of Virginia’’ (Williamsburg: William Parks, 1733)</ref> The collection covers the reign of Charles II through the reign of George II, a crucial period in the history of early Virginia.<ref>Ibid., 1, 463.</ref> The laws demonstrate the tumult of the early colony, including various uprisings and plots. These included the ever tenuous relationship between natives and settlers. Notably, the Collection discusses the 1663 Gloucester County Servant’s Plot and the aftermath of Nathaniel Bacon’s 1676 rebellion.<ref>Ibid., 31, 67-68.</ref>The Collection also discusses an unsuccessful plot to cut up all of the tobacco plants in the colony, an act that “hazard[ed] the subversion of the whole Government, and Ruin and Destruction of his Majesty’s good Subjects.”<ref>Ibid., 88.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Despite these challenges to the government of the colony, the ''Collection'' reveals increasing stability and prosperity, with greater standards and control over industry, society, and government. Along with this transition came the increasing permanency of slavery and the centrality of tobacco in the economy. For example, a 1662 statute reflects the increasing permanency of slavery in Virginia.<ref>Ibid. 27.</ref> It provides that people are born slave or free according to the condition of the mother.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Another act declares the Negro, Mulatto, and Indian Slaves within the dominion of Virginia to be subject to the law of real estate.<ref>Ibid., 169.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
The ''Collection'' reflects the law-driven nature of the young colony. This distinguishes early Virginia from the precedent-driven England, a feature of the colony caused by “the conditions which affronted the colonists – conditions which afforded no precedent to which the lawmakers could turn, but which had to be met with new provisions of law.” <ref> George Lewis Chumbley, ‘'Colonial Justice in Virginia’’ (Holmes Beach, Florida: Gaunt, Inc., 1997), 95</ref> Thus, the laws deal with the variety of issues the colony faced, including numerous rules on the establishment of the Church of England, the creation of churches and glebe lands, and burials.<ref>‘'Collection of all the Acts of Assembly,’’ 2-6.</ref> In addition, the laws provide rewards for killing wolves and preventing those owing credit to others from escaping to other counties.<ref>Ibid., 12-13.</ref> In addition, the Assembly passed laws adopting English weights and measures, including a method for determining the exchange rate between pieces of eight and English currency.<ref>Ibid., 14, 21.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/64182 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Statutes]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]<br />
[[Category:Virginia Statutes]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Collection_of_All_the_Acts_of_Assembly_Now_in_Force_in_the_Colony_of_Virginia&diff=31566Collection of All the Acts of Assembly Now in Force in the Colony of Virginia2014-11-04T17:51:12Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Collection of All the Acts of Assembly, Now in Force, in the Colony of Virginia''}}<br />
<big>''Collection of All the Acts of Assembly, Now in Force, in the Colony of Virginia with the Titles of Such as are Expir'd, or Repeal'd. And Notes in the Margin, Shewing How, and at What Time, They were Repeal'd. Examin'd with the Records, by a Committee Appointed for that Purpose. Who have Added Many Useful Marginal Notes, and References and an Exact Table. ''</big><br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/64182<br />
|shorttitle=Collection of All the Acts of Assembly, Now in Force, in the Colony of Virginia<br />
|commontitle=Acts of the Colony of Virginia (1733)<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=Richmond<br />
|publisher=Printed by William Parks<br />
|year=1733<br />
|pages=3, 622<br />
|desc=Folio (33 cm.)<br />
}}<br />
Collection of Acts 1733:<br />
''The Collection of Acts'' was published in 1733 at the order of the Virginia General Assembly and includes the years 1661-1732.<ref>‘’Collection of all the Acts of Assembly, Now in Force, in the Colony of Virginia’’ (Williamsburg: William Parks, 1733)</ref> The collection covers the reign of Charles II through the reign of George II, a crucial period in the history of early Virginia.<ref>Ibid., 1, 463.</ref> The laws demonstrate the tumult of the early colony, including various uprisings and plots. These included the ever tenuous relationship between natives and settlers. Notably, the Collection discusses the 1663 Gloucester County Servant’s Plot and the aftermath of Nathaniel Bacon’s 1676 rebellion.<ref>Ibid., 31, 67-68.</ref>The Collection also discusses an unsuccessful plot to cut up all of the tobacco plants in the colony, an act that “hazard[ed] the subversion of the whole Government, and Ruin and Destruction of his Majesty’s good Subjects.”<ref>Ibid., 88.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Despite these challenges to the government of the colony, the ''Collection'' reveals increasing stability and prosperity, with greater standards and control over industry, society, and government. Along with this transition came the increasing permanency of slavery and the centrality of tobacco in the economy. For example, a 1662 statute reflects the increasing permanency of slavery in Virginia.<ref>Ibid. 27.</ref> It provides that people are born slave or free according to the condition of the mother.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Another act declares the Negro, Mulatto, and Indian Slaves within the dominion of Virginia to be subject to the law of real estate.<ref>Ibid., 169.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
The ''Collection'' reflects the law-driven nature of the young colony. This distinguishes early Virginia from the precedent-driven England, a feature of the colony caused by “the conditions which affronted the colonists – conditions which afforded no precedent to which the lawmakers could turn, but which had to be met with new provisions of law.” <ref> George Lewis Chumbley, ‘’Colonial Justice in Virginia’’ (Holmes Beach, Florida: Gaunt, Inc., 1997), 95</ref> Thus, the laws deal with the variety of issues the colony faced, including numerous rules on the establishment of the Church of England, the creation of churches and glebe lands, and burials.<ref>‘’Collection of all the Acts of Assembly,’’ 2-6.</ref> In addition, the laws provide rewards for killing wolves and preventing those owing credit to others from escaping to other counties.<ref>Ibid., 12-13.</ref> In addition, the Assembly passed laws adopting English weights and measures, including a method for determining the exchange rate between pieces of eight and English currency.<ref>Ibid., 14, 21.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/64182 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Statutes]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]<br />
[[Category:Virginia Statutes]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Poems_and_Compositions_in_Prose_on_Several_Occasions&diff=31410Poems and Compositions in Prose on Several Occasions2014-10-28T16:06:41Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Poems and Compositions in Prose on Several Occasions''}}<br />
===by William Munford===<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/359339<br />
|shorttitle=Poems and Compositions in Prose on Several Occasions<br />
|commontitle=Poems and Compositions in Prose on Several Occasions<br />
|author=William Munford<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=Richmond<br />
|publisher=Printed by Samuel Pleasants, Jr.<br />
|year=1798<br />
|pages=189 <br />
|desc= (21 cm.)<br />
}}<br />
[http://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php/William_Munford William Munford] published his collection of poems in 1798 at the age of twenty-three.<ref>Theodore S. Cox, ‘’Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. VII, part 1 of ‘’Dictionary of American Biography’’ ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1962), 326-27.</ref> The work exhibits a great variety of poems including some pieces Munford wrote when he was sixteen years old.<ref>William Munford, ‘’Poems and Compositions in Prose on Several Occasions’’, (Samuel Pleasants, 1798), 5.</ref> The first two poems reflect Munford’s experiences both in the American Revolution and as a poor student. <ref>Ibid.</ref>Munford’s poems often had a political bent, in particular, “The Politician in Distress” was a thinly veiled attack on Alexander Hamilton, who Munford believed was “intent on state pollution.”<ref>Ibid.151</ref><br /><br />
<br /> <br />
In addition, Munford’s collection reflects the author’s interest in the classics and includes translations from Horace and Ossian and a five act tragedy.<ref>Theodore S. Cox, “William Munford,” 326-27.</ref> Although the work was “[d]esigned to benefit his readers, enhance his reputation, and afford economic return, it was, . . . a rather juvenile adventure into the realms of literature.”<ref>Ibid. 327.</ref> One poem, in particular, addressed to Miss S___n W___n of Halifax county, demonstrates the youth of the author. <ref>William Munford, ‘’Poems,’’ 150</ref> Entitled “The Apoogy” it is a public explanation for his actions at a Ball, which resulted in his partner feeling forsaken by him.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Nevertheless, the work hints at the literary abilities of a man who would go on to make significant contributions to both law and classical scholarship.<ref>Theodore S. Cox, ‘’William Munford,’’ 326-27.</ref><br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Bound in quarter calf with original paper boards. Includes previous owners' signatures on the front free endpaper some of which have been struck through.<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/359339 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:American Literature]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia&diff=31360Notes on the State of Virginia2014-10-28T14:29:51Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Notes on the State of Virginia''}}<br />
===by Thomas Jefferson===<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson]’s Notes on the State of Virginia originated in 1780 when [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois Franҫois Barbé Marbois], the Secretary of the French Legation, distributed a list of questions to a number of different Americans from several states.<ref>Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> One of these individuals was Thomas Jefferson and his responses to Marbois’ questions initiated one of the canonical pieces of American scholarship and Jefferson’s only published work.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Jefferson sent his answers to Marbois in 1781, but he continued to expand upon his responses for several more years.</ref>Ibid.</ref> Aside from Jefferson’s desire to put his thoughts about his home state in writing and answer Marbois’ questions, his motivation was to dispel the theories of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon Comte de Buffon] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal Guillaume Raynal].<ref>Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref> These French thinkers had hypothesized about the degeneracy of animal and intellectual life in America and Jefferson greatly disagreed with their ideas.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Thus, Jefferson’s Notes is full of optimism regarding the future of the country and the potential for its industries.<ref>Ibid.</ref> However, the work is not devoid of criticism or misgivings as Jefferson worried about slavery, the government of his home state, and American society in general.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was particularly concerned that Americans would become overly dependent on the manufacturing sector, a trend that he noticed in Europe and sought to avoid.<ref>P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1785, Jefferson published 200 copies of Notes on the State of Virginia in France and at his own expense.<ref> Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> Of these, he sent 10 to some of his close friends in Virginia, including George Wythe, and an additional 37 copies for “such young gentlemen of the college [William & Mary] as Mr. Wythe from time to time shall think proper.”<ref>Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 16 September 1787, ''[http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-12-02-0128 National Archive]''</ref> Some have posited that Jefferson did not initially widely distribute his work because he feared repercussion from his candid thoughts.<ref> P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> For this reason, he only wanted it distributed among his close friends and enlightened students at William & Mary.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1787, Jefferson allowed the publication of an expanded version of his work for the general public.<ref> Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
The work itself touches on a wide range of topics and reflects Jefferson’s broad range of knowledge and interests<ref>Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (J.W. Randolph, 1853)</ref>. In it, Jefferson discusses topography, geology, biography, law, government, commerce, culture, scholarship, military, religion, and history.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The work demonstrates the author’s ability to reason through arguments as he contemplates why marine fossils exist at high elevations, the continent from which American natives originated, and what type of animal produced the tusks and over-sized molars found on the Ohio River.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In discussing theories, Jefferson acknowledged that "[i]gnorance is preferable to error; and he is less remote from truth who believes nothing, than he who believes what is wrong."<ref>Ibid. 33</ref> (Page 33) The manner in which Jefferson reasons is consistent with his belief that "science and the scientific method held the keys to learning and education in the broadest sense."<ref>Library of Congress, ''[http://loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffrep.html Thomas Jefferson],'' accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> It was this worldview that enabled Jefferson to produce a book, "unpretentious in form and statistical in character," that remains an important work to this day.<ref> Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Although Jefferson was ahead of his era in some respects, he did not share the same forward-thinking with regards to African-American slaves. Although he wanted to declare the slaves free and independent he did not want them to co-exist with whites.<ref> Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (J.W. Randolph, 1853), 155.</ref> Instead, he wanted to colonize them in a different location.<ref>Ibid.148-49</ref> This was because he viewed them as racially inferior to whites, and Notes outlines the differences he perceived in physical ability, intellect, and anatomy.<ref>Ibid. 148-55.</ref> (148-155). At times, he compares them to domesticated animals.<ref>Ibid. 150.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> <br />
Jefferson’s ''Notes'' came at a time of change in Jefferson’s life, as he published them shortly after his wife died and before he resumed his public career.<ref> P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> Notes reflects "Jefferson’s hopes and fears for the ultimate outcome of the American War of Independence."<ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition, the work "laid the foundations of Jefferson’s high contemporary reputation as a universal scholar and of his present fame as a pioneer American scientist."<ref> Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia&diff=31358Notes on the State of Virginia2014-10-28T14:28:08Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Notes on the State of Virginia''}}<br />
===by Thomas Jefferson===<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson]’s Notes on the State of Virginia originated in 1780 when ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois Franҫois Barbé Marbois]’’, the Secretary of the French Legation, distributed a list of questions to a number of different Americans from several states.<ref>Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> One of these individuals was Thomas Jefferson and his responses to Marbois’ questions initiated one of the canonical pieces of American scholarship and Jefferson’s only published work.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Jefferson sent his answers to Marbois in 1781, but he continued to expand upon his responses for several more years.</ref>Ibid.</ref> Aside from Jefferson’s desire to put his thoughts about his home state in writing and answer Marbois’ questions, his motivation was to dispel the theories of the ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon Comte de Buffon]’’ and ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal Guillaume Raynal]’’.<ref>Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref> These French thinkers had hypothesized about the degeneracy of animal and intellectual life in America and Jefferson greatly disagreed with their ideas.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Thus, Jefferson’s Notes is full of optimism regarding the future of the country and the potential for its industries.<ref>Ibid.</ref> However, the work is not devoid of criticism or misgivings as Jefferson worried about slavery, the government of his home state, and American society in general.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was particularly concerned that Americans would become overly dependent on the manufacturing sector, a trend that he noticed in Europe and sought to avoid.<ref>P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1785, Jefferson published 200 copies of Notes on the State of Virginia in France and at his own expense.<ref> Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> Of these, he sent 10 to some of his close friends in Virginia, including George Wythe, and an additional 37 copies for “such young gentlemen of the college [William & Mary] as Mr. Wythe from time to time shall think proper.”<ref>Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 16 September 1787, ''[http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-12-02-0128 National Archive]''</ref> Some have posited that Jefferson did not initially widely distribute his work because he feared repercussion from his candid thoughts.<ref> P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> For this reason, he only wanted it distributed among his close friends and enlightened students at William & Mary.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1787, Jefferson allowed the publication of an expanded version of his work for the general public.<ref> Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
The work itself touches on a wide range of topics and reflects Jefferson’s broad range of knowledge and interests<ref>Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (J.W. Randolph, 1853)</ref>. In it, Jefferson discusses topography, geology, biography, law, government, commerce, culture, scholarship, military, religion, and history.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The work demonstrates the author’s ability to reason through arguments as he contemplates why marine fossils exist at high elevations, the continent from which American natives originated, and what type of animal produced the tusks and over-sized molars found on the Ohio River.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In discussing theories, Jefferson acknowledged that "[i]gnorance is preferable to error; and he is less remote from truth who believes nothing, than he who believes what is wrong."<ref>Ibid. 33</ref> (Page 33) The manner in which Jefferson reasons is consistent with his belief that "science and the scientific method held the keys to learning and education in the broadest sense."<ref>Library of Congress, ''[http://loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffrep.html Thomas Jefferson],'' accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> It was this worldview that enabled Jefferson to produce a book, "unpretentious in form and statistical in character," that remains an important work to this day.<ref> Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Although Jefferson was ahead of his era in some respects, he did not share the same forward-thinking with regards to African-American slaves. Although he wanted to declare the slaves free and independent he did not want them to co-exist with whites.<ref> Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (J.W. Randolph, 1853), 155.</ref> Instead, he wanted to colonize them in a different location.<ref>Ibid.148-49</ref> This was because he viewed them as racially inferior to whites, and Notes outlines the differences he perceived in physical ability, intellect, and anatomy.<ref>Ibid. 148-55.</ref> (148-155). At times, he compares them to domesticated animals.<ref>Ibid. 150.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> <br />
Jefferson’s ''Notes'' came at a time of change in Jefferson’s life, as he published them shortly after his wife died and before he resumed his public career.<ref> P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> Notes reflects "Jefferson’s hopes and fears for the ultimate outcome of the American War of Independence."<ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition, the work "laid the foundations of Jefferson’s high contemporary reputation as a universal scholar and of his present fame as a pioneer American scientist."<ref> Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia&diff=31356Notes on the State of Virginia2014-10-28T14:23:45Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Notes on the State of Virginia''}}<br />
===by Thomas Jefferson===<br />
‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson]’’’s Notes on the State of Virginia originated in 1780 when ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois Franҫois Barbé Marbois]’’, the Secretary of the French Legation, distributed a list of questions to a number of different Americans from several states.<ref>Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> One of these individuals was Thomas Jefferson and his responses to Marbois’ questions initiated one of the canonical pieces of American scholarship and Jefferson’s only published work.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Jefferson sent his answers to Marbois in 1781, but he continued to expand upon his responses for several more years.</ref>Ibid.</ref> Aside from Jefferson’s desire to put his thoughts about his home state in writing and answer Marbois’ questions, his motivation was to dispel the theories of the ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon Comte de Buffon]’’ and ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal Guillaume Raynal]’’.<ref>Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref> These French thinkers had hypothesized about the degeneracy of animal and intellectual life in America and Jefferson greatly disagreed with their ideas.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Thus, Jefferson’s Notes is full of optimism regarding the future of the country and the potential for its industries.<ref>Ibid.</ref> However, the work is not devoid of criticism or misgivings as Jefferson worried about slavery, the government of his home state, and American society in general.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was particularly concerned that Americans would become overly dependent on the manufacturing sector, a trend that he noticed in Europe and sought to avoid.<ref>P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1785, Jefferson published 200 copies of Notes on the State of Virginia in France and at his own expense.<ref> Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> Of these, he sent 10 to some of his close friends in Virginia, including George Wythe, and an additional 37 copies for “such young gentlemen of the college [William & Mary] as Mr. Wythe from time to time shall think proper.”<ref>Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 16 September 1787, ''[http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-12-02-0128 National Archive]''</ref> Some have posited that Jefferson did not initially widely distribute his work because he feared repercussion from his candid thoughts.<ref> P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> For this reason, he only wanted it distributed among his close friends and enlightened students at William & Mary.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1787, Jefferson allowed the publication of an expanded version of his work for the general public.<ref> Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
The work itself touches on a wide range of topics and reflects Jefferson’s broad range of knowledge and interests<ref>Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (J.W. Randolph, 1853)</ref>. In it, Jefferson discusses topography, geology, biography, law, government, commerce, culture, scholarship, military, religion, and history.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The work demonstrates the author’s ability to reason through arguments as he contemplates why marine fossils exist at high elevations, the continent from which American natives originated, and what type of animal produced the tusks and over-sized molars found on the Ohio River.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In discussing theories, Jefferson acknowledged that "[i]gnorance is preferable to error; and he is less remote from truth who believes nothing, than he who believes what is wrong."<ref>Ibid. 33</ref> (Page 33) The manner in which Jefferson reasons is consistent with his belief that "science and the scientific method held the keys to learning and education in the broadest sense."<ref>Library of Congress, ''[http://loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffrep.html Thomas Jefferson],'' accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> It was this worldview that enabled Jefferson to produce a book, "unpretentious in form and statistical in character," that remains an important work to this day.<ref> Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Although Jefferson was ahead of his era in some respects, he did not share the same forward-thinking with regards to African-American slaves. Although he wanted to declare the slaves free and independent he did not want them to co-exist with whites.<ref> Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (J.W. Randolph, 1853), 155.</ref> Instead, he wanted to colonize them in a different location.<ref>Ibid.148-49</ref> This was because he viewed them as racially inferior to whites, and Notes outlines the differences he perceived in physical ability, intellect, and anatomy.<ref>Ibid. 148-55.</ref> (148-155). At times, he compares them to domesticated animals.<ref>Ibid. 150.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> <br />
Jefferson’s ''Notes'' came at a time of change in Jefferson’s life, as he published them shortly after his wife died and before he resumed his public career.<ref> P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> Notes reflects "Jefferson’s hopes and fears for the ultimate outcome of the American War of Independence."<ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition, the work "laid the foundations of Jefferson’s high contemporary reputation as a universal scholar and of his present fame as a pioneer American scientist."<ref> Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia&diff=31354Notes on the State of Virginia2014-10-28T14:20:45Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>===by Thomas Jefferson===<br />
‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson]’’’s Notes on the State of Virginia originated in 1780 when ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois Franҫois Barbé Marbois]’’, the Secretary of the French Legation, distributed a list of questions to a number of different Americans from several states.<ref>Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> One of these individuals was Thomas Jefferson and his responses to Marbois’ questions initiated one of the canonical pieces of American scholarship and Jefferson’s only published work.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Jefferson sent his answers to Marbois in 1781, but he continued to expand upon his responses for several more years.</ref>Ibid.</ref> Aside from Jefferson’s desire to put his thoughts about his home state in writing and answer Marbois’ questions, his motivation was to dispel the theories of the ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon Comte de Buffon]’’ and ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal Guillaume Raynal]’’.<ref>Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref> These French thinkers had hypothesized about the degeneracy of animal and intellectual life in America and Jefferson greatly disagreed with their ideas.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Thus, Jefferson’s Notes is full of optimism regarding the future of the country and the potential for its industries.<ref>Ibid.</ref> However, the work is not devoid of criticism or misgivings as Jefferson worried about slavery, the government of his home state, and American society in general.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was particularly concerned that Americans would become overly dependent on the manufacturing sector, a trend that he noticed in Europe and sought to avoid.<ref>P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
In 1785, Jefferson published 200 copies of Notes on the State of Virginia in France and at his own expense.<ref> Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> Of these, he sent 10 to some of his close friends in Virginia, including George Wythe, and an additional 37 copies for “such young gentlemen of the college [William & Mary] as Mr. Wythe from time to time shall think proper.”<ref>Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 16 September 1787, ''[http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-12-02-0128 National Archive]''</ref> Some have posited that Jefferson did not initially widely distribute his work because he feared repercussion from his candid thoughts.<ref> P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> For this reason, he only wanted it distributed among his close friends and enlightened students at William & Mary.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1787, Jefferson allowed the publication of an expanded version of his work for the general public.<ref> Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
The work itself touches on a wide range of topics and reflects Jefferson’s broad range of knowledge and interests<ref>Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (J.W. Randolph, 1853)</ref>. In it, Jefferson discusses topography, geology, biography, law, government, commerce, culture, scholarship, military, religion, and history.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The work demonstrates the author’s ability to reason through arguments as he contemplates why marine fossils exist at high elevations, the continent from which American natives originated, and what type of animal produced the tusks and over-sized molars found on the Ohio River.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In discussing theories, Jefferson acknowledged that "[i]gnorance is preferable to error; and he is less remote from truth who believes nothing, than he who believes what is wrong."<ref>Ibid. 33</ref> (Page 33) The manner in which Jefferson reasons is consistent with his belief that "science and the scientific method held the keys to learning and education in the broadest sense."<ref>Library of Congress, ''[http://loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffrep.html Thomas Jefferson],'' accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> It was this worldview that enabled Jefferson to produce a book, "unpretentious in form and statistical in character," that remains an important work to this day.<ref> Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Although Jefferson was ahead of his era in some respects, he did not share the same forward-thinking with regards to African-American slaves. Although he wanted to declare the slaves free and independent he did not want them to co-exist with whites.<ref> Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (J.W. Randolph, 1853), 155.</ref> Instead, he wanted to colonize them in a different location.<ref>Ibid.148-49</ref> This was because he viewed them as racially inferior to whites, and Notes outlines the differences he perceived in physical ability, intellect, and anatomy.<ref>Ibid. 148-55.</ref> (148-155). At times, he compares them to domesticated animals.<ref>Ibid. 150.</ref><br /><br />
<br /> <br />
Jefferson’s ''Notes'' came at a time of change in Jefferson’s life, as he published them shortly after his wife died and before he resumed his public career.<ref> P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> Notes reflects "Jefferson’s hopes and fears for the ultimate outcome of the American War of Independence."<ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition, the work "laid the foundations of Jefferson’s high contemporary reputation as a universal scholar and of his present fame as a pioneer American scientist."<ref> Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia&diff=31352Notes on the State of Virginia2014-10-28T14:01:21Z<p>Jmsanders: Created page with "‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson]’’’s Notes on the State of Virginia originated in 1780 when ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3..."</p>
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<div>‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson Thomas Jefferson]’’’s Notes on the State of Virginia originated in 1780 when ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois Franҫois Barbé Marbois]’’, the Secretary of the French Legation, distributed a list of questions to a number of different Americans from several states.<ref>Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> One of these individuals was Thomas Jefferson and his responses to Marbois’ questions initiated one of the canonical pieces of American scholarship and Jefferson’s only published work.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
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Jefferson sent his answers to Marbois in 1781, but he continued to expand upon his responses for several more years.</ref>Ibid.</ref> Aside from Jefferson’s desire to put his thoughts about his home state in writing and answer Marbois’ questions, his motivation was to dispel the theories of the ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon Comte de Buffon]’’ and ‘'[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal Guillaume Raynal]’’.<ref>Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref> These French thinkers had hypothesized about the degeneracy of animal and intellectual life in America and Jefferson greatly disagreed with their ideas.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Thus, Jefferson’s Notes is full of optimism regarding the future of the country and the potential for its industries.<ref>Ibid.</ref> However, the work is not devoid of criticism or misgivings as Jefferson worried about slavery, the government of his home state, and American society in general.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was particularly concerned that Americans would become overly dependent on the manufacturing sector, a trend that he noticed in Europe and sought to avoid.<ref>P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref><br /><br />
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In 1785, Jefferson published 200 copies of Notes on the State of Virginia in France and at his own expense.<ref> Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> Of these, he sent 10 to some of his close friends in Virginia, including George Wythe, and an additional 37 copies for “such young gentlemen of the college [William & Mary] as Mr. Wythe from time to time shall think proper.”<ref>Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 16 September 1787, ''[http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-12-02-0128 National Archive]''</ref> Some have posited that Jefferson did not initially widely distribute his work because he feared repercussion from his candid thoughts.<ref> P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> For this reason, he only wanted it distributed among his close friends and enlightened students at William & Mary.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1787, Jefferson allowed the publication of an expanded version of his work for the general public.<ref> Massachusetts Historical Society, ‘'[http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/notes/about.php Notes on the State of Virginia],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref><br /><br />
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The work itself touches on a wide range of topics and reflects Jefferson’s broad range of knowledge and interests<ref>Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (J.W. Randolph, 1853)</ref>. In it, Jefferson discusses topography, geology, biography, law, government, commerce, culture, scholarship, military, religion, and history.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The work demonstrates the author’s ability to reason through arguments as he contemplates why marine fossils exist at high elevations, the continent from which American natives originated, and what type of animal produced the tusks and over-sized molars found on the Ohio River.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In discussing theories, Jefferson acknowledged that "[i]gnorance is preferable to error; and he is less remote from truth who believes nothing, than he who believes what is wrong."<ref>Ibid. 33</ref> (Page 33) The manner in which Jefferson reasons is consistent with his belief that "science and the scientific method held the keys to learning and education in the broadest sense."<ref>Library of Congress, ''[http://loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jeffrep.html Thomas Jefferson],'' accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> It was this worldview that enabled Jefferson to produce a book, "unpretentious in form and statistical in character," that remains an important work to this day.<ref> Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref><br /><br />
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Although Jefferson was ahead of his era in some respects, he did not share the same forward-thinking with regards to African-American slaves. Although he wanted to declare the slaves free and independent he did not want them to co-exist with whites.<ref> Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (J.W. Randolph, 1853), 155.</ref> Instead, he wanted to colonize them in a different location.<ref>Ibid.148-49</ref> This was because he viewed them as racially inferior to whites, and Notes outlines the differences he perceived in physical ability, intellect, and anatomy.<ref>Ibid. 148-55.</ref> (148-155). At times, he compares them to domesticated animals.<ref>Ibid. 150.</ref><br /><br />
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Jefferson’s ''Notes'' came at a time of change in Jefferson’s life, as he published them shortly after his wife died and before he resumed his public career.<ref> P.S. Onuf, ‘'[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63233?docPos=2 Jefferson, Thomas],’’ accessed October 16, 2014.</ref> Notes reflects "Jefferson’s hopes and fears for the ultimate outcome of the American War of Independence."<ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition, the work "laid the foundations of Jefferson’s high contemporary reputation as a universal scholar and of his present fame as a pioneer American scientist."<ref> Dumas Malone, ‘'Thomas Jefferson’’ in vol. V, part 2 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 21.</ref> <br />
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==References==<br />
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<references/></div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Spencer_Roane&diff=27138Spencer Roane2014-04-28T20:39:11Z<p>Jmsanders: Created page with "Spencer Roane (1762-1782), Judge and political writer, was born in Essex County, son of William Roane, a burgess for Essex. Spencer Roane received his early education from Sco..."</p>
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<div>Spencer Roane (1762-1782), Judge and political writer, was born in Essex County, son of William Roane, a burgess for Essex. Spencer Roane received his early education from Scottish tutors and enrolled in the College of William & Mary.<ref>C. C. Pearson, ''Roane, Spencer'' in vol. VIII, part 1 of ''Dictionary of American Biography'' ed. Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1963),642.</ref> There, he attended George Wythe’s law lectures, became active in Phi Beta Kappa, and developed a taste for literature.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Roane was considered a “prodigy of his generation” and “one of [George Wythe’s] most brilliant pupils.”<ref>Alonzo Thomas Dill, ‘’George Wythe Teacher of Liberty’’ (Williamsburg, Virginia: Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission, 1979), 51.</ref> He continued his legal studies with instruction in Philadelphia and by reading Coke in his free time. He was admitted to the bar in 1782.<ref>C. C. Pearson, “Roane, Spencer,” 642.</ref><br /><br />
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Roane became a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1783-84, where he worked closely with Richard Henry Lee and was in committees with Patrick Henry and John Marshall.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He later served as an advisor to Governor Patrick Henry and as a State Senator.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Throughout his political career, he remained a staunch Jeffersonian Republican and was opposed to the new Constitution, preferring instead a revision of the Articles of Confederation.<ref>Ibid</ref><br /><br />
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In 1789 Roane began his judicial career when he became a judge of the General Court, a position he held until 1794 when the Virginia legislature elected him to the Supreme Court of Appeals.<ref>Ibid.</ref> There he was known for “attack[ing] each case eagerly and penetratingly” and for “clear and vigorous opinions.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> Roane’s decisions reflected his progressive, liberty-driven political ideology.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was known for penning opinions that were “mindful of precedent and the law as science, but also keenly alert to the public policies of his own progressive age.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although Jefferson desired Roane to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, this was made impossible when John Marshall was appointed in 1800.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
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Spencer Roane furthered his political ideologies in 1804 when he founded the Richmond ''Enquirer.''<ref> Ibid.</ref>In it, under several different pen names, Roane advanced his opinions in articles that were “lengthy and not without extreme and abusive language.”<ref>Ibid., 643</ref> Although his articles were well-received by Jeffersonian Republicans, they greatly bothered the Federalists and “reinvigorated the extreme states-rights theory.”<ref>Ibid.</ref>Nevertheless, Roane did not consider his vision of powerful individual states as incompatible with union.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
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Roane died in 1822 in Warm Springs, Virginia, but not before his son, William H. Roane, was seated as a United States Senator.<ref>Lyon G. Tyler, “Roane Family,” ''William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine'' 18, no. 4 (April 1910), 267.</ref><br />
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[[Category: Wythe’s students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=William_Munford&diff=27124William Munford2014-04-28T18:51:06Z<p>Jmsanders: Created page with "William Munford (1775-1825), legislator and court reporter, was born in Mecklenburg County, Virginia to Colonel Robert and Anne Munford.<ref>Theodore S. Cox, "Munford, William..."</p>
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<div>William Munford (1775-1825), legislator and court reporter, was born in Mecklenburg County, Virginia to Colonel Robert and Anne Munford.<ref>Theodore S. Cox, "Munford, William" in vol. VII, part 1 of ''Dictionary of American Biography'' ed. Dumas Malone(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1962),326.</ref> He began his education at the grammar school of the College of William & Mary, eventually entering the college itself.<ref>Ibid.</ref> After his father’s death, George Wythe provided for his continued education.<ref>Ibid</ref> Without Wythe’s aid, Munford likely would not have been able to continue his studies at the college.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Under Wythe, Munford developed his life-long appreciation for both the classics and the law.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Munford considered Wythe his “great resource” and believed that “such a man as he casts light upon all around him.”<ref>Lyon G. Tyler, “Glimpses of Old College Life,” ''William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine'' 8, no. 3 (Jan. 1900), 153-154.</ref> Munford completed his legal education under St. George Tucker.<ref>Ibid., 156</ref>However his remained close to George Wythe; at Wythe’s funeral, Munford gave a eulogy considered by those present to be an effective tribute.<ref>Oscar Lane Shewmake, “The Honorable George Wythe: Teacher, Lawyer, Jurist, Statesman” (Speech, Williamsburg, Virginia, December 18, 1921), William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository, http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2420&context=facpubs , 22.</ref><br /><br />
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After completing his legal studies, Munford entered politics, representing Mecklenburg County from 1797-98.<ref>Theodore S. Cox, "Munford, William," 326.</ref> In 1800, he was elected to the state senate.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1811, Munford was made Clerk of the House of Delegates, a position he held until death.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition to his political activities, Munford compiled reports of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.<ref>Ibid.</ref> His efforts began at first in collaboration with William W. Hening covering the years 1806-10 and later as a solitary enterprise for the years 1810-21. <ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
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Munford is best known for his contributions to the classics rather than the law.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1798 he published a compilation of poems and translated classical writings and tragedies.<ref>Ibid., 326-27</ref> Throughout his life, he worked on crafting a definitive translation of Homer’s Illiad because he believed that existing English translations did not capture the magnificence of the original.<ref>Ibid., 327</ref> In 1846, twenty-one years after his death, his translation was published and was considered a significant achievement in American scholarship.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category: Wythe's students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=John_Brown&diff=26470John Brown2014-04-18T13:02:41Z<p>Jmsanders: Created page with "John Brown, 1757-1837, Kentucky statesman, was born in Staunton, Virginia.<ref>Ellis Merton Coulter, "John Brown" in vol. II, part 1 of ''Dictionary of American Biography'' ed..."</p>
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<div>John Brown, 1757-1837, Kentucky statesman, was born in Staunton, Virginia.<ref>Ellis Merton Coulter, "John Brown" in vol. II, part 1 of ''Dictionary of American Biography'' ed. Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1958),130.</ref> He was brother to James Brown, United States Senator for Louisiana, and related to the Clay and Breckinridge families.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Brown’s father, a distinguished Presbyterian minister, provided his early education.<ref>Lyon G. Tyler, “Glimpses of Old College Life,” ''William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine'' 9, no. 1 (July 1900), 19.</ref> John attended Princeton College, but his education was interrupted when the school closed due to the hostilities of the American Revolution.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He joined Washington’s forces and later served under Lafayette.<ref>Ellis Merton Coulter, “John Brown,” 131.</ref> After his service, Brown resumed his education at William & Mary.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
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In the winter of 1780, Brown attended George Wythe’s law lectures at William & Mary, despite financial difficulties that led him to drop other courses. <ref>”Glimpses of Old College Life,” ''William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine'' 9, no. 2 (October 1900), 76.</ref> While at the school, Brown participated in Wythe’s newly created moot court and moot legislature, finding that “[t]hese exercises serve not only as the best amusements after severer studies, but are very useful & attended with many important advantages.” <ref>Ibid., 80</ref> At William & Mary, he was also a member of the parent chapter of Phi Beta Kappa.<ref>”Glimpses of Old College Life” ''William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine'' 9, no. 1 (July 1900), 19.</ref><br /><br />
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After completing his education, Brown settled in Kentucky in 1782 and became one of the state’s preeminent leaders and a leading statehood proponent.<ref>Ellis Merton Coulter, “John Brown,” 131.</ref> At times, Brown’s support of Kentucky exceeded his loyalty to the United States.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1787, he had discussions with Spain in which the Spanish minister agreed to provide Kentucky free navigation of the Mississippi if Kentucky became independent of the United States.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Nevertheless, in 1787, Brown represented Kentucky in the Virginia legislature and the following year was elected a delegate to the Kentucky constitutional convention.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was also elected a delegate to the Virginia convention where his Jeffersonian leanings led him to vote against ratifying the Federal Constitution.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1792, when Kentucky entered the Union, Brown became a United States Senator for the new state, a position he held until 1805.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although Brown was on close terms with each of the first five presidents, he remained, throughout his life, an ardent supporter of Thomas Jefferson.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He died in Frankfort, Kentucky in 1837.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
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[[Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Bushrod_Washington&diff=25808Bushrod Washington2014-04-11T13:50:09Z<p>Jmsanders: Created page with "Bushrod Washington (1762-1829), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and nephew of George Washington, was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia to John ..."</p>
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<div>Bushrod Washington (1762-1829), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and nephew of George Washington, was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia to John and Hannah Washington.<ref>George W. Goble, ''Bushrod Washington'' in vol. X, part 1 of Dictionary of American Biography ed. Dumas Malone(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1964),315.</ref> He was named after the Bushrod family, a prestigious lineage considered to be one of the first families of Virginia, of which his mother was a member.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He received his early education under the guidance of a tutor in the home of Richard Henry Lee, a prominent Virginian and eventual Declaration of Independence signer.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Washington gained admittance to the College of William & Mary in 1775 and graduated in 1778.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He returned two years later in order to study under the newly appointed law professor, George Wythe.<ref>David Leslie Annis, “Mr. Bushrod Washington, Supreme Court Justice on the Marshall Court” (PhD diss., University of Notre Dame, 1974), 26.</ref> It was during this period that Washington became acquainted with John Marshall, who was also studying under Wythe.<ref>Ibid., 27</ref> Although it is unclear how long Washington studied law under Wythe, records indicate that by December 1780, he was no longer at William & Mary.<ref>Ibid., 29</ref> In 1781, he became a private in the Continental army and was present at Yorktown for Cornwallis’ surrender later that year.<ref>Ibid, 31</ref> <br /><br />
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In 1782, Following his stint in the Continental Army, Washington departed for Philadelphia to continue his legal education as an apprentice under James Wilson, a distinguished attorney and future member of the United States Supreme Court.<ref>Ibid., 34</ref> He returned to Virginia in 1784.<ref>Ibid., 38</ref> Shortly after his return, Washington was admitted to the bar and started practicing in Alexandria, Virginia.<ref>George W. Goble. “Bushrod Washington,” 508.</ref> In 1787 he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates and earned a seat in the Virginia State Convention the following year.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1790, Washington moved to Richmond because of the demands of his growing practice.<ref>Ibid</ref><br /><br />
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In 1798, President John Adams appointed Washington to the Supreme Court to replace the seat vacated by the death of Justice James Wilson, his former mentor.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Washington served on the Court until his death in 1829.<ref>Ibid., 509</ref> His 28 years on the Marshall Court was longer than any of his colleagues.<ref>David Leslie Annis, “Mr. Bushrod Washington,” 2.</ref> John Marshall was a close friend of Washington’s and the two generally agreed on constitutional issues.<ref>Ibid., 3</ref> Washington was a “diligent student of the law” and possessed the admirable judicial traits of being “mild and conciliatory” by nature yet “prompt and firm in decision.”<ref>George W. Goble. “Bushrod Washington,” 509.</ref> Washington wrote the opinion for several notable cases, including ''Dartmouth College v. Woodward''.<ref>Ibid.</ref> After his death, he was buried in Mount Vernon, the estate he had inherited years earlier from his uncle George Washington.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
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[[Category: Wythe's students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Daniel_Call&diff=24988Daniel Call2014-04-04T17:11:52Z<p>Jmsanders: Created page with "Daniel Call (1765-1840), an attorney and law reporter, was most likely born in Prince George County, Virginia to William Call, a county lieutenant during the American Revoluti..."</p>
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<div>Daniel Call (1765-1840), an attorney and law reporter, was most likely born in Prince George County, Virginia to William Call, a county lieutenant during the American Revolution.<ref>E. Lee Shepard, "Call, Daniel" in ''Dictionary of Virginia Biography'' ed. Sara B. Bearss, John T. Kneebbone, J. Jefferson Looney, Brent Tarter, and Sandra Gioia Treadway (Richmond, Virginia: The Library of Virginia, 2001), 513.</ref>Although not much is known about his early life or education, Call studied law under George Wythe during the 1780s and began his practice in Petersburg.<ref>Ibid.</ref>In 1787, he married Elizabeth Taliaferro, George Wythe’s niece. She died in 1793 shortly after the birth of their first child, Anne.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
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Call moved to Richmond in 1791 to begin an appellate practice, primarily in real estate and equity.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He quickly gained the respect of his colleagues and clients as a “knowledgeable, skilled, and tenacious advocate” and joined the top ranks of the city’s legal profession.<ref>Ibid., 514.</ref>In 1797, he married Lucy Ambler, the sister in law of his friend and colleague, John Marshall.<ref>Ibid., 513</ref> Call shunned politics and chose to remain in Richmond, taking over the practices of his more politically active friends, John Marshall and Bushrod Washington when they were appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.<ref> Ibid., 514.</ref> Ideologically, Call sided with the Federalists.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In the election of 1832, he supported Henry Clay and opposed Andrew Jackson.<ref>Ibid</ref><br /><br />
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Call is best known as a reporter of Virginia cases.<ref>Ibid.</ref> His six-volume work compiled reports of cases prior to 1820, as Virginia did not have an official reporter in this time period.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In creating the reports, Call relied upon a variety of documents and performed the difficult task of turning them into a workable precedent.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Call dedicated his first volume to George Wythe, his second to Edmund Pendleton, and the last to all of the judges of the Court of Appeals.<ref>W. Hamilton Bryson, ‘’The Virginia Law Reporters Before 1880’’ (Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1977), 17</ref> His works have been extensively reprinted and remain an authoritative source for Virginia law.<ref>Shepard, ‘’Call, Daniel,’’ 514.</ref><br /><br />
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Call died on May 20, 1840 and was buried in Richmond next to his lifelong friend, John Marshall.<ref>Bryson, ‘’The Virginia Law Reporters Before 1880,’’ 17.</ref><br />
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[[Category: Wythe's Students]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Four_Books_of_Justinian%27s_Institutions&diff=24532Four Books of Justinian's Institutions2014-04-01T14:54:53Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
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<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''The Four Books of Justinian's Institutions''}}<br />
<big>''D. Justiniani Institutionum Libri Quator, The Four Books of Justinian's Institutions''</big><br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=DJustinianiInstitutionum1761.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/1983175<br />
|shorttitle=The Four Books of Justinian's Institutions<br />
|commontitle=Justinian's Institutes<br />
|author=<br />
|trans=George Harris<br />
|publoc=London<br />
|publisher=Printed by J. Purser for M. Withers<br />
|year=1761<br />
|edition=Second<br />
|lang=Latin and English<br />
|pages=iv, 73, 121, 100, 92, [11], [4]<br />
|desc=4to (27 cm.)<br />
}}[[File:DJustinianiInstitutionumLibriQuator1761Illustration.jpg|left|thumb|400px|<center>Illustration, dedication.</center>]]The ''Institutes'' of Justinian is one of the four parts of the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'', a comprehensive body of Roman Law.<ref>''The Columbia Encyclopedia,'' s.v. "[http://www.credoreference.com/entry/columency/corpus_juris_civilis Corpus Juris Civilis]," accessed March 28, 2014.</ref> Created by order of Emperor Justinian under the guidance of his minister Tribonian, the work is the basis of modern civil law systems.<ref>''Justinian’s Institutes'', trans. with intro. by Peter Birks and Grant McLeod (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), 8.</ref> The ''Institutes'' serve as an introduction to the law, a way for students unfamiliar with the law to build a legal framework by organizing the law into a three part scheme: the law of people, things, and actions. <ref>Ibid., 12-13.</ref> Unlike Justinian's ''Digest'', "each title appears to be a single, continuous essay."<ref>Ibid., 12.</ref> The emphasis is on avoidance of confusion, ease of use, and the development of basic knowledge necessary to analyze more complex portions of the law.<ref>Ibid., 15-16.</ref> In Justinian’s own words, it is a "cunabula legume" or cradle of the law.<ref>Ibid., 15.</ref><br ><br />
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Justinian's ''Institutes'' form the basis of civil law for most of Europe.<ref>Ibid., 18-28.</ref><br />
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Tribonian did not create the ''Institutes'' from scratch.<ref>Ibid., 12.</ref> Scholars posit that he polished and edited the drafts of two law professors in making the final version.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition, Tribonian relied heavily on older Roman law sources, especially the ''Institutes'' of Gaius.<ref>Ibid., 16.</ref><br ><br />
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This volume, ''D. Justiniani Institutionum Libri Quator, The Four Books of Justinian's Institutions,'' is a translation with commentary by George Harris (bap. 1721, d. 1796). Harris, a lawyer educated at Oriel College, Oxford, first published his version of the ''Institutes'' in 1756.<ref>T. A. B. Corley, "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12386 Harris, George (bap. 1721, d. 1796)]," ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed March 28, 2014.</ref> He intended his work to be "an introduction to [[Institutionum Imperialium Commentarius|Vinny's Edition."<ref>''The Four Books of Justinian's Institutions'', trans. with notes George Harris (London: 1756), viii.</ref><br />
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==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "[H]arris’s Justinian. 4to." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[James Dinsmore]]. Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> suggests either the first (1756) or the second (1761) edition, noting that Jefferson sold a copy of the latter to the Library of Congress.<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', 2nd ed. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), 2:397 [no.2191].</ref> [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on June 28, 2013.</ref> on LibraryThing indicates "Precise edition unknown. Editions with similar imprints were published at London in 1756 and 1761" and also mentions Jefferson's copy at the Library of Congress. The Wolf Law Library purchased a copy of the second edition.<br />
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==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Bound in contemporary full calf, rebacked in period style. Title page signed "J. Wickham 1789." Purchased from The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.<br />
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View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/1983175 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
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==References==<br />
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==External Links==<br />
Read this book in [http://books.google.com/books?id=uoNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1&dq=D.+Justiniani+Institutionum+Libri+Quatuor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=f0nlUbmOIba-4AOZmYDIBw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=D.%20Justiniani%20Institutionum%20Libri%20Quatuor&f=false Google Books.]<br />
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[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Law]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Four_Books_of_Justinian%27s_Institutions&diff=24530Four Books of Justinian's Institutions2014-04-01T14:53:11Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
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<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''The Four Books of Justinian's Institutions''}}<br />
<big>''D. Justiniani Institutionum Libri Quator, The Four Books of Justinian's Institutions''</big><br />
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|commontitle=Justinian's Institutes<br />
|author=<br />
|trans=George Harris<br />
|publoc=London<br />
|publisher=Printed by J. Purser for M. Withers<br />
|year=1761<br />
|edition=Second<br />
|lang=Latin and English<br />
|pages=iv, 73, 121, 100, 92, [11], [4]<br />
|desc=4to (27 cm.)<br />
}}[[File:DJustinianiInstitutionumLibriQuator1761Illustration.jpg|left|thumb|400px|<center>Illustration, dedication.</center>]]The ''Institutes'' of Justinian is one of the four parts of the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'', a comprehensive body of Roman Law.<ref>''The Columbia Encyclopedia,'' s.v. "[http://www.credoreference.com/entry/columency/corpus_juris_civilis Corpus Juris Civilis]," accessed March 28, 2014.</ref> Created by order of Emperor Justinian under the guidance of his minister Tribonian, the work is the basis of modern civil law systems.<ref>''Justinian’s Institutes'', trans. with intro. by Peter Birks and Grant McLeod (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), 8.</ref> The ''Institutes'' serve as an introduction to the law, a way for students unfamiliar with the law to build a legal framework by organizing the law into a three part scheme: the law of people, things, and actions. <ref>Ibid., 12-13.</ref> Unlike Justinian's''Digest'', "each title appears to be a single, continuous essay."<ref>Ibid., 12.</ref> The emphasis is on avoidance of confusion, ease of use, and the development of basic knowledge necessary to analyze more complex portions of the law.<ref>Ibid., 15-16.</ref> In Justinian’s own words, it is a "cunabula legume" or cradle of the law.<ref>Ibid., 15.</ref><br ><br />
<br ><br />
Justinian's ''Institutes'' form the basis of civil law for most of Europe.<ref>Ibid., 18-28.</ref><br />
<br ><br />
Tribonian did not create the ''Institutes'' from scratch.<ref>Ibid., 12.</ref> Scholars posit that he polished and edited the drafts of two law professors in making the final version.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition, Tribonian relied heavily on older Roman law sources, especially the ''Institutes'' of Gaius.<ref>Ibid., 16.</ref><br ><br />
<br />
<br />
This volume, ''D. Justiniani Institutionum Libri Quator, The Four Books of Justinian's Institutions,'' is a translation with commentary by George Harris (bap. 1721, d. 1796). Harris, a lawyer educated at Oriel College, Oxford, first published his version of the ''Institutes'' in 1756.<ref>T. A. B. Corley, "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12386 Harris, George (bap. 1721, d. 1796)]," ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed March 28, 2014.</ref> He intended his work to be "an introduction to [[Institutionum Imperialium Commentarius|Vinny's Edition."<ref>''The Four Books of Justinian's Institutions'', trans. with notes George Harris (London: 1756), viii.</ref><br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "[H]arris’s Justinian. 4to." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[James Dinsmore]]. Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> suggests either the first (1756) or the second (1761) edition, noting that Jefferson sold a copy of the latter to the Library of Congress.<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', 2nd ed. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), 2:397 [no.2191].</ref> [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on June 28, 2013.</ref> on LibraryThing indicates "Precise edition unknown. Editions with similar imprints were published at London in 1756 and 1761" and also mentions Jefferson's copy at the Library of Congress. The Wolf Law Library purchased a copy of the second edition.<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Bound in contemporary full calf, rebacked in period style. Title page signed "J. Wickham 1789." Purchased from The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/1983175 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
Read this book in [http://books.google.com/books?id=uoNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1&dq=D.+Justiniani+Institutionum+Libri+Quatuor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=f0nlUbmOIba-4AOZmYDIBw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=D.%20Justiniani%20Institutionum%20Libri%20Quatuor&f=false Google Books.]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Law]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Four_Books_of_Justinian%27s_Institutions&diff=24016Four Books of Justinian's Institutions2014-03-28T16:45:38Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''D. Justiniani Institutionum Libri Quator''}}<br />
<big>''D. Justiniani Institutionum Libri Quator, The Four Books of Justinian's Institutions''</big><br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=DJustinianiInstitutionum1761.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/1983175<br />
|shorttitle=D. Justiniani Institutionum Libri Quator<br />
|author=<br />
|trans=George Harris<br />
|publoc=London<br />
|publisher=Printed by J. Purser for M. Withers<br />
|year=1761<br />
|edition=Second<br />
|lang=Latin and English<br />
|pages=iv, 73, 121, 100, 92, [11], [4]<br />
|desc=4to (27 cm.)<br />
}}<br />
[[File:DJustinianiInstitutionumLibriQuator1761Illustration.jpg|left|thumb|250px|<center>Illustration, dedication.</center>]]<br />
The ''Justinian Institutes'' are one of the four parts of the ''Corpus Juris Civilis'', a comprehensive body of Roman Law.<ref>‘’The Columbia Encyclopedia,’’ s.v. "[http://www.credoreference.com/entry/columency/corpus_juris_civilis "Corpus Juris Civilis]," accessed March 28, 2014.</ref> Created under the order of Emperor Justinian and the guidance of his minister Tribonian, the work is the basis of modern civil law systems.<ref>Peter Birks and Grant McLeod, “Justinian’s Institutes” (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987),8</ref> The Institutes serve as an introduction to the law, a way for students unfamiliar with the law to build a legal framework.<ref>Ibid. 12</ref> To this end, the works organize the law into a three part scheme that includes the law of people, things, and actions. <ref>Ibid. 13</ref> Unlike the Digest, “each title appears to be a single, continuous essay.” <ref>Ibid. 12</ref> The emphasis is on the avoidance of confusion, the ease of use, and the development of the baseline knowledge necessary to analyze more complex portions of the law. <ref>Ibid.15-16</ref> In Justinian’s own words, it is a “cunabula legume” or cradle of the law, an apt description both because of how the work instructs and the way in which it contains the law. <ref>Ibid. 15</ref><br ><br />
<br ><br />
Tribonian did not create the Institutes from scratch. <ref>Ibid. 12</ref> Instead scholars posit that he polished and edited the drafts of two law professors in making the final version. <ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition, Tribonian relied heavily on older Roman law sources, especially ‘’the Institutes of Gaius’’, a work created by a second-century legal scholar and believed to be the inventor of the institutional scheme. <ref>Ibid. 16</ref><br ><br />
<br ><br />
Today, the ''Justinian Institutes'' form the basis of modern European Civil Law and their influence is often conspicuous.<ref>Ibid. 18-28</ref><br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "[H]arris’s Justinian. 4to." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[James Dinsmore]]. Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> suggests either the first (1756) or the second (1761) edition while noting that Jefferson sold a copy of the latter to the Library of Congress.<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', 2nd ed. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), 2:397 [no.2191].</ref> [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on June 28, 2013.</ref> on LibraryThing indicates "Precise edition unknown. Editions with similar imprints were published at London in 1756 and 1761" and also mentions Jefferson's copy at the Library of Congress. The Wolf Law Library purchased a copy of the second edition.<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Bound in contemporary full calf, rebacked in period style. Title page signed "J. Wickham 1789." Purchased from The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/1983175 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
Read this book in [http://books.google.com/books?id=uoNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1&dq=D.+Justiniani+Institutionum+Libri+Quatuor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=f0nlUbmOIba-4AOZmYDIBw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=D.%20Justiniani%20Institutionum%20Libri%20Quatuor&f=false Google Books.]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Law]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Decisions_of_Cases_in_Virginia,_by_the_High_Court_of_Chancery&diff=23972Decisions of Cases in Virginia, by the High Court of Chancery2014-03-28T14:33:49Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Decisions of Cases in Virginia by the High Court of Chancery''}}<br />
===by George Wythe===<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=WytheDecisionsOfCases1795.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2076105<br />
|shorttitle=Decisions of Cases in Virginia by the High Court of Chancery<br />
|author=George Wythe<br />
|edition=First<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=Richmond<br />
|publisher=Printed by Thomas Nicolson<br />
|year=1795<br />
|set=1<br />
}}==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
George Wythe (1726-1806), American legal scholar, politician, and judge, provided substantial contributions to the jurisprudence of a young nation.<ref>John E. Selby, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=68777&back= “Wythe, George (1725/6-1806)”], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed March 28, 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
Wythe served various roles throughout his career, two of which provide context for his ''Decisions of Cases in Virginia by the High Court of Chancery'' because one produced a rivalry and the other deep enmity with one of his contemporaries, Edmund Pendleton. It was from this rivalry that Wythe’s reports sprang.<ref>W. Hamilton Bryson, ''The Virginia Law Reporters Before 1880'' (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1977), 92.</ref><br />
<br />
Wythe first encountered Pendleton in the practice of law, as they were frequent adversaries in court.<ref>Ibid.</ref> While Wythe exceeded in formulating complex, logically sounds arguments, Pendleton possessed the gift of eloquence.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Often this led to Pendleton winning cases with a weaker argument because Wythe’s complex arguments often exceeded the comprehension of the jury.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The friction generated between these steadfast competitors in these early years evidently sowed the seeds of a life-long rivalry.<br />
<br />
Eventually, Wythe and Pendleton both served as judges for the High Court of Chancery, where, despite frequent compromise, their political differences became evident.<ref>Ibid. 93</ref> While George Wythe favored going beyond precedent to establish new policies for the young nation, Pendleton favored a more conservative approach.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This was most visible in Wythe’s decision in ''Commonwealth v. Caton'' where he disagreed sharply with Pendleton’s willingness to absolve the legislature of overstepping its bounds and posited an early version of judicial review.<ref>Ibid.</ref> <br />
<br />
The rivalry reached its zenith when Pendleton was elevated to the Supreme Court of Appeals and Wythe was not.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This enabled Pendleton to overrule or alter Wythe’s opinions in final, binding decisions, a power he exercised on a majority of Wythe’s cases.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This must have been devastating, but Wythe was not one to rest on his laurels and let his opponent have the last word.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Wythe’s reports were a means of publicizing his ideas in the face of rejection.<ref>Ibid. 93-94</ref> The reports “Indicate just how erudite, how deeply learned in the law Wythe really was.”<ref>Ibid. 94</ref> In going beyond precedent, Wythe drew from a wide variety of sources in reaching his conclusions, including classical literature.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In the reports, Wythe departs from another, more personal precedent. Although Wythe was usually known as being mild and impartial, his work contained remarks that were “unrestrainedly caustic” in attacking Edmund Pendleton.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition, Wythe designed his reports so that the final opinion put Pendleton in the most negative light.<ref>Ibid.</ref> <br />
<br />
After publishing his work in 1795, Wythe became fatalistic, knowing that his opinions were bound to be altered or overturned by his rival.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Nevertheless, he continued publishing additional opinions in pamphlet form.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The 1852 edition of Wythe’s Reports contains the original work as well as these additional materials.<ref>Ibid. 95</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:WythesCaseReports.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Decisions of Cases in Virginia by the High Court of Chancery]]<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's Copy==<br />
The Wolf Law Library owns [[Daniel Call|Daniel Call's]] copy of Wythe's Case Reports.<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2076105 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
===References===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Case Reports]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]<br />
[[Category:Virginia Reports]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Collection_of_All_Such_Public_Acts_of_the_General_Assembly,_and_Ordinances_of_the_Conventions_of_Virginia&diff=23084Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia2014-03-20T20:57:17Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia''}}<br />
<big>''A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia, Passed since the Year 1768, as are Now in Force with a Table of the Principal Matters; Published under Inspection of the Judges of the High Court of Chancery, by a Resolution of General Assembly, the 16th day of June 1783''</big><br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=VirginiaCollectionOfPublicActs1785.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/26322<br />
|shorttitle=A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia<br />
|commontitle=A Collection of All Such Public Acts<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=Richmond<br />
|publisher=Printed by Thomas Nicolson and William Prentis<br />
|year=1785<br />
|pages=235<br />
|desc=Folio (32 cm.)<br />
}}[[File:CollectionPublicActs1785FFEP.jpg|left|thumb|250px|<center>Marginalia, front free endpaper.</center>]]<br />
The ''Public Acts of the General Assembly'' was published in 1785 under the inspection of the judges of the high court of chancery. It covers three distinct periods between 1768 and 1783 reflecting the transition from monarchy into independence: the reign of George III, the Interregno, and the Republican Period. In 1769, under the reign of George III, the assembly met in Williamsburg and passed laws concerning various matters including a reform of the debtor law, a suppression of private lotteries, and the general regulation of an agrarian colony. <ref>''A Collection of all such Public Acts of the General Assembly and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia'' (Richmond: Thomas Nicholson and William Prentis, 1785), 3-29.</ref> The General Assembly met in Richmond Town in 1775 during the Interregno and passed several laws for the mustering of troops and the gathering of supplies.<ref>Ibid, 30-38.</ref> In 1776, The Assembly met for a second time, this time in Williamsburg, and passed the highly influential ‘’Declaration of Rights.’’<ref>Ibid, 33.</ref> Largely written by George Mason, it circulated widely in the colonies and informed Thomas Jefferson’s drafting of the Declaration of Independence.<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/virginia_declaration_of_rights.html “The Virginia Declaration of Rights)”], ''Archives.gov'' (United States National Archives & Records Administration, 2014 ), accessed March 18, 2014.</ref> Later, it became the basis of the Bill of rights, to which some of its language and content bears a striking resemblance.<ref>Ibid.</ref>The Declaration dissolved the former government and began the Republican period. The first meeting of the General Assembly in this period occurred in the fall of 1776 and their first act concerned religious freedoms.<ref>''Public Acts,'' 39</ref>Although the legislature concerned itself with the setting up of a new government and supporting the ongoing war efforts, it continued to handle domestic issues including a law providing for the maintenance of the mentally challenged.<ref>Ibid, 40.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
The Public Acts of 1785 reflect a period of change, but at the same time contain a few interesting traces of the past. For example many of the penalties remain in pounds of tobacco, even after independence. For example, in 1782 the legislature passed a law increasing the reward for killing wolves in some counties by two hundred pounds of tobacco.<ref>Ibid, 163.</ref> Laws like this, especially in comparison to legislation like the ''Declaration of Rights'', stand as a stark reminder of the comingling of modern ideas and colonial concerns that existed in late eighteenth century Virginia.<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
George Wythe definitely owned a copy of 1785 publication of ''A Collection of All Such Public Acts'' also known as "The Chancellors' Revision."<ref>"Some Virginia Law Books in a Virginia Law Office," ''The Virginia Law Register'', New Series, 12: no. 7 (Nov. 1926), 389.</ref> A copy at the Library of Virginia includes his signature. The title may also appear in [[Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson's]] [[Jefferson Inventory|inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library|George Wythe's Library]] as "Laws of Virga. Various edns." Jefferson kept the volumes associated with this entry. Both [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe "Member: George Wythe"] accessed on March 5, 2014.</ref> on LibraryThing and the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref> Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> include this 1785 collection of legislation. The compilation is also listed in [[Dean Bibliography|Dean's Memo]]<ref>[[Dean Bibliography|Memorandum from Barbara C. Dean]], Colonial Williamsburg Found., to Mrs. Stiverson, Colonial Williamsburg Found. (June 16, 1975), 16 (on file at Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary).</ref> in the section of works Wythe "wrote or collaborated on." Wythe, along with fellow chancellors [[Edmund Pendleton]] and John Blair, reviewed the legislation included in the volume. The Wolf Law Library moved a copy of "The Chancellors' Revision" from the general rare books collection to the [[George Wythe Collection]]. <br />
<br />
[[File:CollectionPublicActs1785RFEP.jpg|left|thumb|250px|<center>Marginalia, rear free endpaper.</center>]]<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Bound in original paper boards, spine and hinges strengthened recently. Includes marginalia on the preliminary pages and rear blanks.<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/26322 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Statutes]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]<br />
[[Category:Virginia Statutes]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Collection_of_All_Such_Public_Acts_of_the_General_Assembly,_and_Ordinances_of_the_Conventions_of_Virginia&diff=23082Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia2014-03-20T20:56:21Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia''}}<br />
<big>''A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia, Passed since the Year 1768, as are Now in Force with a Table of the Principal Matters; Published under Inspection of the Judges of the High Court of Chancery, by a Resolution of General Assembly, the 16th day of June 1783''</big><br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=VirginiaCollectionOfPublicActs1785.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/26322<br />
|shorttitle=A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia<br />
|commontitle=A Collection of All Such Public Acts<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=Richmond<br />
|publisher=Printed by Thomas Nicolson and William Prentis<br />
|year=1785<br />
|pages=235<br />
|desc=Folio (32 cm.)<br />
}}[[File:CollectionPublicActs1785FFEP.jpg|left|thumb|250px|<center>Marginalia, front free endpaper.</center>]]<br />
The ''Public Acts of the General Assembly'' was published in 1785 under the inspection of the judges of the high court of chancery. It covers three distinct periods between 1768 and 1783 reflecting the transition from monarchy into independence: the reign of George III, the Interregno, and the Republican Period. In 1769, under the reign of George III, the assembly met in Williamsburg and passed laws concerning various matters including a reform of the debtor law, a suppression of private lotteries, and the general regulation of an agrarian colony. <ref>''A Collection of all such Public Acts of the General Assembly and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia'' (Richmond: Thomas Nicholson and William Prentis, 1785), 3-29.</ref> The General Assembly met in Richmond Town in 1775 during the Interregno and passed several laws for the mustering of troops and the gathering of supplies.<ref>Ibid, 30-38.</ref> In 1776, The Assembly met for a second time, this time in Williamsburg, and passed the highly influential ‘’Declaration of Rights.’’<ref>Ibid, 33.</ref> Largely written by George Mason, it circulated widely in the colonies and informed Thomas Jefferson’s drafting of the Declaration of Independence.<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/virginia_declaration_of_rights.html “The Virginia Declaration of Rights)”], ''Archives.gov'' (United States National Archives & Records Administration, 2014 ), accessed March 18, 2014.</ref> Later, it became the basis of the Bill of rights, to which some of its language and content bears a striking resemblance.<ref>Ibid.</ref>The Declaration dissolved the former government and began the Republican period. The first meeting of the General Assembly in this period occurred in the fall of 1776 and their first act concerned religious freedoms.<ref>''Public Acts,'' 39</ref>Although the legislature concerned itself with the setting up of a new government and supporting the ongoing war efforts, it continued to handle domestic issues including a law providing for the maintenance of the mentally challenged.<ref>Ibid, 40.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
The Public Acts of 1785 reflect a period of change, but at the same time contain a few interesting traces of the past. For example many of the penalties remain in pounds of tobacco, even after independence. For example, in 1782 the legislature passed a law increasing the reward for killing wolves in some counties by two hundred pounds of tobacco.<ref>Ibid, 163.</ref> Laws like this, especially in comparison to legislation like the ''Declaration of Rights'', stand as a stark reminder of the coming of modern ideas and colonial concerns that existed in late eighteenth century Virginia.<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
George Wythe definitely owned a copy of 1785 publication of ''A Collection of All Such Public Acts'' also known as "The Chancellors' Revision."<ref>"Some Virginia Law Books in a Virginia Law Office," ''The Virginia Law Register'', New Series, 12: no. 7 (Nov. 1926), 389.</ref> A copy at the Library of Virginia includes his signature. The title may also appear in [[Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson's]] [[Jefferson Inventory|inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library|George Wythe's Library]] as "Laws of Virga. Various edns." Jefferson kept the volumes associated with this entry. Both [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe "Member: George Wythe"] accessed on March 5, 2014.</ref> on LibraryThing and the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref> Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> include this 1785 collection of legislation. The compilation is also listed in [[Dean Bibliography|Dean's Memo]]<ref>[[Dean Bibliography|Memorandum from Barbara C. Dean]], Colonial Williamsburg Found., to Mrs. Stiverson, Colonial Williamsburg Found. (June 16, 1975), 16 (on file at Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary).</ref> in the section of works Wythe "wrote or collaborated on." Wythe, along with fellow chancellors [[Edmund Pendleton]] and John Blair, reviewed the legislation included in the volume. The Wolf Law Library moved a copy of "The Chancellors' Revision" from the general rare books collection to the [[George Wythe Collection]]. <br />
<br />
[[File:CollectionPublicActs1785RFEP.jpg|left|thumb|250px|<center>Marginalia, rear free endpaper.</center>]]<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Bound in original paper boards, spine and hinges strengthened recently. Includes marginalia on the preliminary pages and rear blanks.<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/26322 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Statutes]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]<br />
[[Category:Virginia Statutes]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Reports_and_Cases_of_Law&diff=23078Reports and Cases of Law2014-03-20T20:52:47Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''Reports and Cases of Law''}}<br />
<big>''Reports and Cases of Law: Argued, and Adjudged in the Courts of Law, at Westminister, in the Time of the Late Queen Elizabeth''</big><br />
===by William Leonard===<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=LeonardReportsAndCases1658-75.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/39526<br />
|shorttitle=Leonard's Reports<br />
|vol=one<br />
|author=William Leonard<br />
|edition=First<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=London<br />
|publisher=Printed by Tho. Roycroft, for Nat. Ekins<br />
|year=1658-1675<br />
|set=4<br />
|desc=Folio (29-30 cm.)<br />
}}Although not much is known about the author, Leonard's ''Reports'' "were always in high estimation" and noted for their general accuracy.<ref> John William Wallace, ''The Reporters, Arranged and Characterized with Incidental Remarks'', 4th ed., rev. and enl. (Boston: Soule and Bugbee, 1882), 142-143.</ref> However, Leonard's work is not without some minor mistakes; some of the cases he reports appear more than once and, in one instance, he mistook one case for another.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The set covers cases from 1540 to 1615, with the majority dating from after the reign of Henry VIII.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Both [[Dean Bibliography|Dean's Memo]]<ref>[[Dean Bibliography|Memorandum from Barbara C. Dean]], Colonial Williamsburg Found., to Mrs. Stiverson, Colonial Williamsburg Found. (June 16, 1975), 9 (on file at Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary).</ref> and the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref> Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> suggest Wythe owned the first edition of Leonard's ''Reports''. Dean based her entry on Alan Smith's reference to Thomas Jefferson's commonplace book<ref>Alan McKinley Smith "Virginia Lawyers, 1680-1776: The Birth of an American Profession" (PhD diss., The Johns Hopkins University, 1967), 263.</ref> while Brown relied upon notes in John Marshall's commonplace book.<ref>''The Papers of John Marshall,'' eds. Herbert A. Johnson, Charles T. Cullen, and Nancy G. Harris (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, in association with the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1974), 1:419.</ref> The Wolf Law Library followed their suggestions and purchased a copy of the first edition.<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Bound in full calf with original boards, recently rebacked and recornered with matching full calf. Spine features five raised bands; maroon title piece, and dates at foot of spine are gilt lettered. Contains signature of W. Wilson on title and plain name plate of John Becke, Northampton. Purchased from Wildy & Sons Ltd. <br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/39526 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Common Pleas Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Exchequer Reports]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:King's Bench Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Treatise_of_Equity&diff=23064Treatise of Equity2014-03-20T20:41:53Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A Treatise of Equity''}}<br />
===by Henry Ballow===<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
[[File:BallowTreatiseOfEquity1737TitlePage.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Title Page from [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2949652 ''A Treatise of Equity''], George Wythe Collection, Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary]]<br />
<br />
Henry Ballow [Bellewe] (1704?-1782), legal writer, was admitted to Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1720 and admitted to Lincoln’s Inn the following year. <ref>N.G. Jones [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1242 "Ballow, Henry (b. 1704?, d. 1782"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed March 20, 2014.</ref> He was called to bar in 1728 and became deputy chamberlain in 1731, a position he may have received through his close relationship with the elite Townshend family or through the influence of his father, who may have held the position at one time.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Ballow never married and died suddenly in 1782.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Ballow had a reputation as a very scholarly man, despite the critiques of his contemporaries, who described him as “a little deformed man” with “vulgar manners.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was known for his proficiency with the Greek language and was considered a master of the “old philosophy.” <ref>William Holdsworth, ''A History of English Law'', (London: Methuen & Co., Sweet and Maxwell, 1938), 12:192</ref> Unsurprisingly, this great mind produced one of the most influential treatises on equity: ''A Treatise of Equity.'' Although first published in 1737, it went into a fifth edition in 1820.<ref>Ibid. 193</ref> This was no small feat as the field of equity in this period was marked by rapid change.<ref>Ibid. 192</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
Although ''A Treatise of Equity'' was published anonymously, scholars are fairly confident about its authorship. They cite the assertion of two separate contemporaries as support for this claim. <ref>Ibid. 191</ref> However, the fact that it was written only ten years into Ballow’s legal career and reveals the influence of Roman law training upon the author lends some doubt to this hypothesis.<ref>N.G. Jones, "Ballow, Henry"</ref> Nevertheless, the written evidence strongly supports the assertion that Ballow was the author.<ref>Holdsworth, ‘’A History of English Law,’’ 191</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The work, in six volumes, was the best of its time concerning the rapidly developing field of equity.<ref>Ibid. 192</ref> It is generally regarded as well written; however, Ballow cites few authorities and does not include references for cases.<ref>Ibid.</ref> For those familiar with the case law at the time, Ballow evidently included enough detail that the cases would be readily known.<ref>Ibid.</ref> However, for those unfamiliar with the law of equity, this would have greatly diminished the work’s value.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Because of this omission, John Fonblanque sought to update Ballow’s work.<ref>Ibid. 193</ref> His commentaries, published in 1793, not only brought the work up to date with the ever-changing contours of equity law, but added the omitted citations.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Amended, the work maintained its prominence and went into a fifth edition in 1820.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Bibliographic Information==<br />
'''Author:''' Henry Ballow, (1704?-1782)<br />
<br />
'''Title:''' ''A Treatise of Equity''.<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em;">'''Publication Info:''' London, in the Savoy: Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling, (assigns of Edward Sayer) for D. Browne, at the Black Swan without Temple-Bar; and J. Shuckburgh, at the Sun next the Inner Temple gate in Fleetstreet, 1737.</div><br />
<br />
'''Edition:''' First edition.<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Treatise on Equity, fol." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[Dabney Carr]]. The first edition is the only folio edition of this work.<ref>''English Short Title Catalog'', http://estc.bl.uk, search of "Treatise of Equity" reveals only one folio edition.</ref> Both the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref> Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> and [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. "Member: George Wythe," accessed on April 21, 2013, http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe </ref> on LibraryThing include this edition of this title. <br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
The copy is bound in contemporary calf with blind rules to the boards and blind fillets along the joints. The spine features raised raised bands and a lettering piece. The library purchased this title from the Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2949652 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Equity]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Treatise_of_Equity&diff=23060Treatise of Equity2014-03-20T20:38:29Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A Treatise of Equity''}}<br />
===by Henry Ballow===<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
[[File:BallowTreatiseOfEquity1737TitlePage.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Title Page from [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2949652 ''A Treatise of Equity''], George Wythe Collection, Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary]]<br />
<br />
Henry Ballow [Bellewe] (1704?-1782), legal writer, was admitted to Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1720 and admitted to Lincoln’s Inn the following year. <ref>N.G. Jones [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1242 "Ballow, Henry (b. 1704?, d. 1782"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed March 20, 2014.</ref> He was called to bar in 1728 and became deputy chamberlain in 1731, a position he may have received through his close relationship with the elite Townshend family or through the influence of his father, who may have held the position at one time.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Ballow never married and died suddenly in 1782.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Ballow had a reputation as a very scholarly man, despite the critiques of his contemporaries, who described him as “a little deformed man” with “vulgar manners.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was known for his proficiency with the Greek language and was considered a master of the “old philosophy.” <ref>William Holdsworth, ''A History of English Law'', (London: Methuen & Co., Sweet and Maxwell, 1938), 12:192</ref> Unsurprisingly, this great mind produced one of the most influential treatises on equity: ''A Treatise of Equity.'' Although first published in 1737, it went into a fifth edition in 1820.<ref>Ibid. 193</ref> This was no small feat as the field of equity in this period was marked by rapid change.<ref>Ibid. 192</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
Although ''A Treatise of Equity'' was published anonymously, scholars are fairly confident about its authorship. They cite the assertion of two separate contemporaries as support for this claim. <ref>Ibid. 191</ref> However, the fact that it was written only ten years into Ballow’s legal career and reveals the influence of Roman law training upon the author lends some doubt to this hypothesis.<ref>N.G. Jones, "Ballow, Henry"</ref> Nevertheless, the written evidence strongly supports the assertion that Ballow was the author.<ref>Holdsworth, ‘’A History of English Law,’’ 191</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The work, in six volumes, was the best of its time concerning the rapidly developing field of equity.<ref>Ibid. 192</ref> It is generally regarded as well written; however, Ballow cites few authorities and does not include references for cases.<ref>Ibid.</ref> For those familiar with the case law at the time, Ballow evidently included enough detail that the cases would be readily known.<ref>Ibid.</ref> However, for those unfamiliar with the law of equity, this would have greatly diminished the work’s value.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Because of this lack of authorities, John Fonblanque sought to update Ballow’s work.<ref>Ibid. 193</ref> His commentaries, published in 1793, not only brought the work up to date with the ever-changing contours of equity law, but added the omitted citations.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Amended, the work maintained its prominence and went into a fifth edition in 1820.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Bibliographic Information==<br />
'''Author:''' Henry Ballow, (1704?-1782)<br />
<br />
'''Title:''' ''A Treatise of Equity''.<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em;">'''Publication Info:''' London, in the Savoy: Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling, (assigns of Edward Sayer) for D. Browne, at the Black Swan without Temple-Bar; and J. Shuckburgh, at the Sun next the Inner Temple gate in Fleetstreet, 1737.</div><br />
<br />
'''Edition:''' First edition.<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Treatise on Equity, fol." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[Dabney Carr]]. The first edition is the only folio edition of this work.<ref>''English Short Title Catalog'', http://estc.bl.uk, search of "Treatise of Equity" reveals only one folio edition.</ref> Both the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref> Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> and [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. "Member: George Wythe," accessed on April 21, 2013, http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe </ref> on LibraryThing include this edition of this title. <br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
The copy is bound in contemporary calf with blind rules to the boards and blind fillets along the joints. The spine features raised raised bands and a lettering piece. The library purchased this title from the Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2949652 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Equity]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Treatise_of_Equity&diff=23056Treatise of Equity2014-03-20T20:33:30Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A Treatise of Equity''}}<br />
===by Henry Ballow===<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
[[File:BallowTreatiseOfEquity1737TitlePage.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Title Page from [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2949652 ''A Treatise of Equity''], George Wythe Collection, Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary]]<br />
<br />
Henry Ballow [Bellewe] (1704?-1782), legal writer, was admitted to Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1720 and admitted to Lincoln’s Inn the following year. <ref>N.G. Jones [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1242 "Ballow, Henry (b. 1704?, d. 1782"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed March 20, 2014.</ref> He was called to bar in 1728 and became deputy chamberlain in 1731, a position he may have received through his close relationship with the elite Townshend family or through the influence of his father, who may have held the position at one time.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Ballow never married and died suddenly in 1782.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Ballow had a reputation as a very scholarly man, despite the critiques of his contemporaries, who described him as “a little deformed man” with “vulgar manners.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was known for his proficiency with the Greek language and was considered a master of the “old philosophy.” <ref>William Holdsworth, ''A History of English Law'', (London: Methuen & Co., Sweet and Maxwell, 1938), 12:192</ref> Unsurprisingly, this great mind produced one of the most influential treatises on equity: ''A Treatise of Equity.'' Although first published in 1737, it went into a fifth edition in 1820.<ref>Ibid. 193</ref> This was no small feat as the field of equity in this period was marked by rapid change.<ref>Ibid. 192</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
Although ''A Treatise of Equity'' was published anonymously, scholars are fairly confident about its authorship. They cite the assertion of two separate contemporaries as support for this claim. <ref>Ibid. 191</ref> However, the fact that it was written only ten years into Ballow’s legal career and reveals the influence of Roman law training upon the author lends some doubt to this hypothesis.<ref>N.G. Jones, "Ballow, Henry"</ref> Nevertheless, the written evidence strongly supports the assertion that Ballow was the author.<ref>Holdsworth, ‘’A History of English Law,’’ 191</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The work, in six volumes, was the best of its time concerning the rapidly developing field of equity.<ref>Ibid. 192</ref> It is generally regarded as well written; however, Ballow cites few authorities and does not include references for cases.<ref>Ibid.</ref> For those familiar with the case law at the time, Ballow evidently included enough detail that the cases would be readily known.<ref>Ibid.</ref> However, for those unfamiliar with the law of equity, this would have greatly diminished the work’s value.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Because of the need for authorities, John Fonblanque sought to update Ballow’s work.<ref>Ibid. 193</ref> His commentaries, published in 1793, not only brought the work up to date with the ever-changing contours of equity law, but added the omitted citations.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Amended, the work maintained its prominence and went into a fifth edition in 1820.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Bibliographic Information==<br />
'''Author:''' Henry Ballow, (1704?-1782)<br />
<br />
'''Title:''' ''A Treatise of Equity''.<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em;">'''Publication Info:''' London, in the Savoy: Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling, (assigns of Edward Sayer) for D. Browne, at the Black Swan without Temple-Bar; and J. Shuckburgh, at the Sun next the Inner Temple gate in Fleetstreet, 1737.</div><br />
<br />
'''Edition:''' First edition.<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Treatise on Equity, fol." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[Dabney Carr]]. The first edition is the only folio edition of this work.<ref>''English Short Title Catalog'', http://estc.bl.uk, search of "Treatise of Equity" reveals only one folio edition.</ref> Both the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref> Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> and [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. "Member: George Wythe," accessed on April 21, 2013, http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe </ref> on LibraryThing include this edition of this title. <br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
The copy is bound in contemporary calf with blind rules to the boards and blind fillets along the joints. The spine features raised raised bands and a lettering piece. The library purchased this title from the Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2949652 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Equity]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Treatise_of_Equity&diff=23054Treatise of Equity2014-03-20T20:32:53Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A Treatise of Equity''}}<br />
===by Henry Ballow===<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
[[File:BallowTreatiseOfEquity1737TitlePage.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Title Page from [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2949652 ''A Treatise of Equity''], George Wythe Collection, Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary]]<br />
<br />
Henry Ballow [Bellewe] (1704?-1782), legal writer, was admitted to Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1720 and admitted to Lincoln’s Inn the following year. <ref>N.G. Jones [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1242 "Ballow, Henry (b. 1704?, d. 1782"], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed March 20, 2014.</ref> He was called to bar in 1728 and became deputy chamberlain in 1731, a position he received through his close relationship with the elite Townshend family or through the influence of his father, who may have held the position at one time.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Ballow never married and died suddenly in 1782.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Ballow had a reputation as a very scholarly man, despite the critiques of his contemporaries, who described him as “a little deformed man” with “vulgar manners.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was known for his proficiency with the Greek language and was considered a master of the “old philosophy.” <ref>William Holdsworth, ''A History of English Law'', (London: Methuen & Co., Sweet and Maxwell, 1938), 12:192</ref> Unsurprisingly, this great mind produced one of the most influential treatises on equity: ''A Treatise of Equity.'' Although first published in 1737, it went into a fifth edition in 1820.<ref>Ibid. 193</ref> This was no small feat as the field of equity in this period was marked by rapid change.<ref>Ibid. 192</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
Although ''A Treatise of Equity'' was published anonymously, scholars are fairly confident about its authorship. They cite the assertion of two separate contemporaries as support for this claim. <ref>Ibid. 191</ref> However, the fact that it was written only ten years into Ballow’s legal career and reveals the influence of Roman law training upon the author lends some doubt to this hypothesis.<ref>N.G. Jones, "Ballow, Henry"</ref> Nevertheless, the written evidence strongly supports the assertion that Ballow was the author.<ref>Holdsworth, ‘’A History of English Law,’’ 191</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The work, in six volumes, was the best of its time concerning the rapidly developing field of equity.<ref>Ibid. 192</ref> It is generally regarded as well written; however, Ballow cites few authorities and does not include references for cases.<ref>Ibid.</ref> For those familiar with the case law at the time, Ballow evidently included enough detail that the cases would be readily known.<ref>Ibid.</ref> However, for those unfamiliar with the law of equity, this would have greatly diminished the work’s value.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Because of the need for authorities, John Fonblanque sought to update Ballow’s work.<ref>Ibid. 193</ref> His commentaries, published in 1793, not only brought the work up to date with the ever-changing contours of equity law, but added the omitted citations.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Amended, the work maintained its prominence and went into a fifth edition in 1820.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Bibliographic Information==<br />
'''Author:''' Henry Ballow, (1704?-1782)<br />
<br />
'''Title:''' ''A Treatise of Equity''.<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em;">'''Publication Info:''' London, in the Savoy: Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling, (assigns of Edward Sayer) for D. Browne, at the Black Swan without Temple-Bar; and J. Shuckburgh, at the Sun next the Inner Temple gate in Fleetstreet, 1737.</div><br />
<br />
'''Edition:''' First edition.<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Treatise on Equity, fol." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[Dabney Carr]]. The first edition is the only folio edition of this work.<ref>''English Short Title Catalog'', http://estc.bl.uk, search of "Treatise of Equity" reveals only one folio edition.</ref> Both the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref> Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> and [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. "Member: George Wythe," accessed on April 21, 2013, http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe </ref> on LibraryThing include this edition of this title. <br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
The copy is bound in contemporary calf with blind rules to the boards and blind fillets along the joints. The spine features raised raised bands and a lettering piece. The library purchased this title from the Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2949652 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Equity]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Collection_of_All_Such_Public_Acts_of_the_General_Assembly,_and_Ordinances_of_the_Conventions_of_Virginia&diff=22614Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia2014-03-18T15:27:02Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia''}}<br />
<big>''A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia, Passed since the Year 1768, as are Now in Force with a Table of the Principal Matters; Published under Inspection of the Judges of the High Court of Chancery, by a Resolution of General Assembly, the 16th day of June 1783''</big><br />
===by Virginia===<br />
The ''Public Acts of the General Assembly'' was published in 1785 under the inspection of the judges of the high court of chancery. It covers the transition from monarchy into independence that occurred during the years from 1768 through 1783. It covers three distinct periods: the reign of George III, the Interregno, and the Republican Period. In 1769, under the reign of George III, the assembly met in Williamsburg and passed laws concerning various matters including a reform of the debtor law, a suppression of private lotteries, and the general regulation of an agrarian colony. <ref> ''A Collection of all such Public Acts of the General Assembly and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia'' (Richmond: Thomas Nicholson and William Prentis, 1785),3-29.</ref> The General Assembly met in Richmond Town in 1775 during the Interregno and passed several laws for the mustering of troops and the gathering of supplies.<ref>Ibid 30-38</ref> In 1776, The Assembly met for a second time, this time in Williamsburg, and passed the highly influential ‘’Declaration of Rights.’’<ref>Ibid 33</ref> Largely written by George Mason, it circulated widely in the colonies and informed Thomas Jefferson’s drafting of the Declaration of Independence. <ref>[http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/virginia_declaration_of_rights.html “The Virginia Declaration of Rights)”], ''Archives.gov'' (United States National Archives & Records Administration, 2014 ), accessed March 18, 2014.</ref> Later, it became the basis of the Bill of rights, to which some of its language and content bears a striking resemblance.<ref>Ibid</ref>The Declaration dissolved the former government and began the Republican period. The first meeting of the General Assembly in this period occurred in the fall of 1776 and their first act concerned religious freedoms.<ref>''Public Acts,'' 39</ref>Although the legislature concerned itself with the setting up of a new government and supporting the ongoing war efforts, it continued to handle domestic issues including a law providing for the maintenance of the mentally challenged.<ref>Ibid 40</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The Public Acts of 1785 reflect a period of change, but at the same time contain a few interesting traces of the past. For example many of the penalties remain in pounds of tobacco, even after independence. For example, in 1782 the legislature passed a law increasing the reward for killing wolves in some counties by two hundred pounds of tobacco.<ref>Ibid 163</ref> Laws like this, especially in comparison to legislation like the ‘’Declaration of Rights,’’ stand as a stark reminder of the comingling of modern ideas and colonial concerns that existed in late eighteenth century Virginia.<br />
<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=VirginiaCollectionOfPublicActs1785.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/26322<br />
|shorttitle=A Collection of All Such Public Acts of the General Assembly, and Ordinances of the Conventions of Virginia<br />
|author=Virginia<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=Richmond<br />
|publisher=Printed by Thomas Nicolson and William Prentis<br />
|year=1785<br />
|pages=235<br />
}}<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/26322 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:Statutes]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]<br />
[[Category:Virginia Statutes]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Reports_of_Sir_Henry_Yelverton&diff=21748Reports of Sir Henry Yelverton2014-03-14T14:05:32Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''The Reports of Sir Henry Yelverton''}}<br />
<big>''The Reports of Sir Henry Yelverton ... of Divers Special Cases in the Court of King's Bench, as Well in the Latter Rnd of the Reign of Q. Elizabeth, as in the First Ten Years of K. James''</big><br />
===by Sir Henry Yelverton===<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=YelvertonReports1735.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2855755<br />
|shorttitle=The Reports of Sir Henry Yelverton<br />
|commontitle=Yelverton's Reports<br />
|author=Sir Henry Yelverton<br />
|publoc=London, In the Savoy<br />
|publisher=Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling (assigns of E. Sayer) for W. Feales<br />
|year=1735<br />
|edition=Third, corrected<br />
|lang=Greek<br />
|pages=7, 228, [23] <br />
|desc=Folio (32 cm.)<br />
}}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Yelverton_(attorney-general) Sir Henry Yelverton] (1566-1630), judge and politician, was the eldest son of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Yelverton Sir Christopher Yelverton], the noted judge and speaker of the House of Commons.<ref>S. R. Gardiner, rev. Louis A. Knafla, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30214?docPos=528317 “Yelverton, Sir Henry (b. 1566, d. 1630)”], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed February 24, 2014.</ref><br />
According to one scholar, “genius, education, and public honor appear, indeed, to have been heirlooms in his family.”<ref>John William Wallace, ''The Reporters, Arranged and Characterized with Incidental Remarks'', 4th ed., rev. and enl. (Boston: Soule and Bugbee, 1882), 212.</ref> Yelverton’s quick rise to prominence may be attributed to the public favor he received on account of his father’s good name.<ref>Ibid. 214</ref> In 1581, he matriculated from Christ’s College, Cambridge and graduated from Peterhouse in 1584.<ref>"Yelverton, Sir Henry," ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''.</ref> Yelverton’s puritan leanings were informed by his time at Cambridge.<ref>Ibid.</ref> After gaining admittance to Gray’s Inn in 1580, he was called to bar in 1593.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Yelverton’s political activities began in 1597 when he was elected MP for Northhampton and sat on several committees.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Although not returned in 1601, he was in 1604 for the first parliament of James I.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In Parliament, he became known as an “independent man who spoke his mind.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> It was Yelverton’s outspokenness about the rights of parliament which tended to get him in trouble with the king, even though he supported the royal prerogative.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Despite the troublesome independence of his views, Yelverton regained the trust of King James I by gaining audience and explaining his views.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Ultimately this reconciliation enabled him to serve the King in various capacities.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1613, Yelverton was made solicitor-general and knighted, and he became attorney general after the king appointed Sir Francis Bacon Lord Keeper.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Despite his advancement to these positions of power, Yelverton’s puritan independence caused him trouble.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Duke of Buckingham, with whom Yelverton had an adversarial relationship, accused Yelverton of abusing his position as commissioner of patents.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Their animosity came to a head when Yelverton accused Buckingham of standing “still att the Kinges elbowe ready to hew me down.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> For this, Yelverton was found guilty of slandering Buckingham, in addition to the underlying crime of impugning the king through his actions as commissioner of patents.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1621, Yelverton returned to the King’s Bench, Chancery, Star Chamber, and Assize circuits.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1625 he was made serjeant-at-law and became judge of the Court of Common Pleas, five years before he died.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br /><br />
<br /><br />
Scholars hold Yelverton’s ''Reports'' in high regard. Although they were never intended for publication, they are considered “among the best of the older books both for value of decision and essential accuracy of report.” <ref>Wallace, ''The Reporters'', 211.</ref> <br />
[[File:YelvertonReportsofSirHenryYelverton1735Inscription.jpg|left|thumb|250px|<center>Previous owner's signature, front flyleaf.</center>]]<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Both [[Dean Bibliography|Dean's Memo]]<ref>[[Dean Bibliography|Memorandum from Barbara C. Dean]], Colonial Williamsburg Found., to Mrs. Stiverson, Colonial Williamsburg Found. (June 16, 1975), 15 (on file at Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary).</ref> and the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref> Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> suggest Wythe owned the third (1735) edition of Yelverton's ''Reports'' based on notes in John Marshall's commonplace book.<ref>''The Papers of John Marshall,'' eds. Herbert A. Johnson, Charles T. Cullen, and Nancy G. Harris (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, in association with the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1974), 1:45.</ref> The Wolf Law Library purchased a copy of the same edition.<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Bound in recent period-style quarter calf over marbled boards with renewed endpapers. Includes early owner signature of "Miers Fischer" the front flyleaf and title page. Purchased from The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. <br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2855755 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
Read this book in [http://books.google.com/books?id=E-oDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover Google Books.]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Case Reports]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:King's Bench Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Cases_in_Law_and_Equity&diff=21238Cases in Law and Equity2014-03-11T16:28:42Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''Cases in Law and Equity''}}<br />
<big>Cases in Law and Equity, Chiefly During the Time the Late Earl of Macclesfield Presided in the Courts of King's-Bench and Chancery</big><br />
===by Robert Lucas===<br />
Not much is known about Robert Lucas. Evidently, he was a barrister who left the legal profession to become a minister in the county of York.<ref>John William Wallace, ‘’The Reporters Arranged and Characterized with Incidental Remarks’’ 386</ref> He also authored ''Cases in Law and Equity'' the tenth of the ''Modern Reports'' published in 1736.<ref>Ibid</ref> The work does not possess much authority and has been cited infrequently.<ref>Ibid</ref><br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=LucasCasesInLawAndEquity1736.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/213926<br />
|shorttitle=Cases in Law and Equity<br />
|author=Robert Lucas<br />
|publoc=London, In the Savoy<br />
|publisher=Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling (assigns of Edw. Sayer, Esq;) for T. Ward and E. Wicksteed<br />
|year=1736<br />
|edition=First<br />
|lang=English<br />
|pages=ii, 538, [94] <br />
|desc=Folio (34 cm.)<br />
}}==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Cases in L. & Eq. or 10th. Modern. fol." and kept by [[Thomas Jefferson]]. Jefferson later sold a copy to the Library of Congress in 1815, but the volume no longer survives to verify Wythe's previous ownership.<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', 2nd ed. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), 2:346 [no.2075].</ref> Both the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref> Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> and [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe "Member: George Wythe"] accessed on March 4, 2014.</ref> on LibraryThing list the first edition (1736) of this title. The Wolf Law Library followed their recommendations and purchased a copy of the same edition.<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Rebound ca. 1980.<br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/213926 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Chancery Reports]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:King's Bench Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Cases_Collect_%26_Report_per_Sir_Fra._Moore,_Chivalier&diff=21236Cases Collect & Report per Sir Fra. Moore, Chivalier2014-03-11T15:45:00Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Cases Collect & Report per Sir Fra. Moore, Chivalier''}}<br />
===by Sir Francis Moore===<br />
Sir Francis Moore (1559-1621), lawyer and politician, was born posthumously to a Berkshire yeoman.<ref>Wilfrid Prest, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1910728317 “Moore, Sir Francis (b. 1559, d. 1621)”], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed March 11, 2014.</ref>He entered St. John’s College, Oxford in 1574 and, although he never received an undergraduate degree, he received an MA as under-steward to the University in 1612.<ref>Ibid</ref> He entered the New Inn, gaining admittance to the Middle Temple in 1580.<ref>Ibid</ref> He married Anne Twitty at an unknown date and was called to bar in 1587.<ref>Ibid</ref> Due to his close relationship with the Englefield family, his ascent in the political and legal fields was rapid.<ref>Ibid</ref> In 1589, he was elected to Parliament for Boroughbridge in Yorkshire.<ref>Ibid</ref> He was appointed to the bench of Middle Temple in 1603.<ref>Ibid</ref> In 1614, he was made a serjeant and, three years later, became a knight.<ref>Ibid</ref> He died in 1621 and was buried in Great Fawley, Berkshire.<ref>Ibid</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Moore amassed great wealth, spending nearly £10,000 on property alone.<ref>Ibid</ref> As a member of parliament, he was loyal supporter of his constituents, and remained an active opponent of monopolies.<ref>Ibid</ref> He was particularly adept with the law of uses, drafting the statute of Charitable uses and inventing the conveyance of lease and release.<ref>Ibid</ref> Religiously, Moore may have remained a Catholic. Although Moore supported anti-recusant legislation in 1601, his will, marriage of a daughter into a Catholic family, and the allegations of his wife of being a recusant after his death indicate that he may have remained loyal to the Church.<ref>Ibid</ref><br />
After his death, his manuscripts were very highly regarded, being circulated widely for nearly forty years before their publication by his son-in-law, Sir Geoffrey Palmer, in 1663.<ref>John William Wallace, ‘’The Reporters Arranged and Characterized with Incidental Remarks’’ 122</ref> The fact that they were cited before their publication gives some indication of their reputation for reliability and accuracy. <br />
<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=MooreCasesCollect&Report1688.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/3729620<br />
|shorttitle=Cases Collect & Report per Sir Fra. Moore, Chivalier<br />
|author=Sir Francis Moore<br />
|edition=Second<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=London<br />
|publisher=Printed for G. Pawlet, and are to be sold by Mat. Wotton<br />
|year=1688<br />
|set=1<br />
|pages=9, 918, [73] pages<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Moore's rep. fol." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[Dabney Carr]]. Editions were published in 1652 and 1653.<ref>J. G. Marvin, ''Legal Bibliography or a Thesaurus of American, English, Irish, and Scotch Law Books'' (Philadelphia: T. & J. W. Johnson, Law Booksellers, 1847), 339.</ref> The [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref> Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> includes the 1688 edition which Thomas Jefferson also owned.<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', 2nd ed. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), 2:328 [no.2031].</ref> [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe "Member: George Wythe"], accessed on September 16, 2013.</ref> on LibraryThingindicates "Precise edition unknown. Folio editions were published at London in 1663, 1675 and 1688."<ref>Wallace also lists these three editions. The 1688 edition is therefore incorrectly marked and should be the third edition, although it might considered a reprint of the 1675 edition which added a portrait of the author, but made no changes to the text. See: John William Wallace, The Reporters, Arranged and Characterized with Incidental Remarks, 4th ed., rev. and enl., (Boston: Soule and Bugbee, 1882), 126.</ref><br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Backed in modern leather with cloth-covered boards.<br /><br />
<br /><br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/3729620 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Chancery Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Common Pleas Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Exchequer Reports]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:King's Bench Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Reports_of_that_Learned_Sir_Henry_Hobart_Knight&diff=19782Reports of that Learned Sir Henry Hobart Knight2014-02-28T16:09:56Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''The Reports of that Learned Sir Henry Hobart Knight''}}<br />
<big>The Reports of that Learned Sir Henry Hobart Knight, Late Lord Chiefe Justice of His Maiesties Court of Common Pleas at Westminster Resolved and Adjudged by Himselfe and Others, the Judges and Sages of the Law Renowned for That Profession in His Time;</big><br />
===by Sir Henry Hobart===<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=HobartReports1641.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2253014<br />
|shorttitle=The Reports of that Learned Sir Henry Hobart Knight<br />
|author=Sir Henry Hobart<br />
|publoc=London<br />
|publisher=Printed by the assignes of Iohn More<br />
|year=1641<br />
|lang=English<br />
|pages=489 p. (i.e. 463), [6] p.<br />
|desc=(22 x 17 cm.)<br />
}}Henry Hobart (1554- 1625) was born in Norfolk to Thomas and Audrey Hobart.<ref>Stuart Handley, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13391?docPos=1 “Hobart, Sir Henry (c. 1554, d. 1625)”], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed February 28, 2013.</ref><br />
In 1570, he was admitted to Peterhouse, Cambridge.<ref> Ibid.</ref> Later, he studied at Furnival’s Inn and entered Lincoln’s Inn on July 30, 1575.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He was called to bar in 1584 and returned to Parliament for the Cornish Borough of St. Ives in 1589.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The following year, he married Dorothy Bell, with whom he eventually had twelve children.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Hobart quickly rose to prominence.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1603, he had the twin distinctions of becoming a serjeant-at-law and being made a knight.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1606, he was appointed attorney general and in 1611, he was made a baronet by King James I, one of the first to receive the distinction after the King’s revival of the practice.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1613, he was appointed the chief justice of the court of common pleas.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Hobart died in 1625.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In addition to the aforementioned honors, Hobart served in numerous other roles during his lifetime, including serving as a member of the Virginia, North West Passage, and East India Companies.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He also served as chancellor to Charles, prince of Wales.<ref>Ibid.</ref> During his life, he amassed great wealth, leaving behind houses at Highgate and St. Bartholomew’s in London and Chapel in the Fields, Norwich.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
His reports were carelessly edited and published posthumously.<ref>John William Wallace, ‘’The Reporters Arranged and Characterized with Incidental Remarks’’ 220</ref> Lord Nottingham revised the works and added an index, turning the works into an invaluable resource.<ref>Ibid. 220-21</ref> The works reflect the character of Hobart himself. One scholar remarks, ‘’we have only to turn to the Reports of Hobart themselves, fragmentary as they are, to see the evidences of his genius and lofty dignity and morals.”<ref>Ibid. 222</ref> The reports reveal his “pure love of justice triumphant over the subtleties of chicanery.”<ref>Ibid. 223</ref> Hobart, as a serjeant-at-law, had great affection for the art of pleading, writing in his reports that it is, “the principle art of law, for pleading is not talking. Therefore it is required that pleading be true; that is the goodness and virtue of pleading. And that it be certain and single; that is the beauty and grace of pleading.” <ref>Ibid. 227</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as ''Hobart's [reports]'' and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to [[Dabney Carr]]. Multiple editions were published from 1641 to 1724.<ref>''Sweet & Maxwell's Complete Law Book Catalogue'', comp. W. Harold Maxwell, vol. 1, ''A Bibliography of English Law to 1650, Including Books Dealing with that Period, Printed from 1480 to 1925'' (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1925), 199.</ref> We do not have enough information to identify the precise edition owned by Wythe. Barbara Dean lists the 5th edition<ref>Memorandum from Barbara C. Dean, Colonial Williamsburg Found., to Mrs. Stiverson, Colonial Williamsburg Found. (June 16, 1975), 11 (on file at Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary).</ref> based on notes in John Marshall's commonplace book. Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> includes the 3rd edition (1671) based on the edition sold by Thomas Jefferson to the Library of Congress. [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s. v. "Member: George Wythe," accessed on June 28, 2013, http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe </ref> on LibraryThing) notes "Precise edition unknown." <br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Bound in simply ruled early dark calf, recently rebacked, with raised bands and title label on spine. Front pastedown with late 18th or 19th century armorial bookplate of "Clark, Kedlington, Yorks." <br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2253014 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
===References===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Common Pleas Reports]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:King's Bench Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Reports_of_Sir_Henry_Yelverton&diff=18896Reports of Sir Henry Yelverton2014-02-25T16:27:44Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''The Reports of Sir Henry Yelverton''}}<br />
===by Sir Henry Yelverton===<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=YelvertonReports1735.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2855755<br />
|shorttitle=The Reports of Sir Henry Yelverton<br />
|author=Sir Henry Yelverton<br />
|publoc=London, In the Savoy<br />
|publisher=Printed by E. and R. Nutt, and R. Gosling (assigns of E. Sayer) for W. Feales<br />
|year=1735<br />
|edition=Third<br />
|lang=Greek<br />
|set=3<br />
|desc=Folio (32 cm.)<br />
}}Sir Henry Yelverton (1566-1630), judge and politician, was the eldest son of Sir Christopher Yelverton, the noted judge and speaker of the House of Commons.<ref>S. R. Gardiner, rev. Louis A. Knafla, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30214?docPos=528317 “Yelverton, Sir Henry (b. 1566, d. 1630)”], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed February 24, 2014.</ref><br />
According to one scholar, “genius, education, and public honor appear, indeed, to have been heirlooms in his family.”<ref>John William Wallace, ‘'The Reporters Arranged and Characterized with Incidental Remarks’’ 212</ref> In fact, Yelverton’s quick rise to prominence may be attributed to the public favor he received on account of his father’s good name. <ref>Ibid. 214</ref> In 1581, he matriculated from Christ’s, Cambridge and graduated BA from Peterhouse in 1584.<ref>‘’Yelverton, Sir Henry,’’ ‘’Oxford Dictionary of National Biography’’</ref> Yelverton’s puritan leanings were informed by his studies at Cambridge.<ref>Ibid.</ref> After gaining admittance to Gray’s Inn in 1580, he was called to bar in 1593.<ref>Ibid.</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
His political activities began in 1597 when he was elected MP for Northhampton and sat on several committees. <ref>Ibid.</ref> Although not returned in 1601, he was in 1604 for the first parliament of James I.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In Parliament, he became known as an “independent man who spoke his mind.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> It was Yelverton’s outspokenness about the rights of parliament which tended to get him in trouble with the king, even though he supported the royal prerogative.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Despite his the troublesome independence of his views, Yelverton regained the trust of King James I by gaining audience and explaining his views.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Ultimately this reconciliation enabled him to serve the king in various capacities.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1613, Yelverton was made solicitor-general and knighted.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Ultimately, Yelverton became attorney general after the king appointed Sir Francis Bacon lord keeper.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Despite his advancement to these positions of power, his puritan independence once again got him in trouble.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Duke of Buckingham, with whom Yelverton had an adversarial relationship, accused him of abusing his position as commissioner of patents.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Their animosity came to a head when Yelverton accused Buckingham of standing “still att the Kinges elbowe ready to hew me down.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> Because of these words, Yelverton was found guilty of slandering Buckingham in addition to the underlying crime of impugning the king through his actions as commissioner of patents.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1621, Yelverton returned to the king’s bench, chancery, Star Chamber, and assize circuits.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1625 he was made serjeant-at-law and became judge of the court of common pleas. He died in 1630.<ref>Ibid.</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
Scholars hold Yelverton’s reports in high regard. Although they were never intended for publication, they are considered “among the best of the older books both for value of decision and essential accuracy of report.” <ref>Wallace, “The Reporters,”211.</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Both [[Dean Bibliography|Dean's Memo]]<ref>[[Dean Bibliography|Memorandum from Barbara C. Dean]], Colonial Williamsburg Found., to Mrs. Stiverson, Colonial Williamsburg Found. (June 16, 1975), 15 (on file at Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary).</ref> and the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref> Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> suggest Wythe owned this title based on notes in John Marshall's commonplace book.<ref>''The Papers of John Marshall,'' eds. Herbert A. Johnson, Charles T. Cullen, and Nancy G. Harris (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, in association with the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1974), 1:45.</ref> <br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
Bound in recent period-style quarter calf over marbled boards with renewed endpapers. Early owner signature on head of title page. Purchased from The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. <br />
<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2855755 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
[http://books.google.com/books?id=E-oDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover Google Books]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Case Reports]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:King's Bench Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Reports_du_Tres_Erudite_Edmund_Saunders&diff=18030Reports du Tres Erudite Edmund Saunders2014-02-21T15:58:56Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''Les Reports du Tres Erudite Edmund Saunders''}}<br />
===by Sir Edmund Saunders===<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=SaundersLesReports1722.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2080641<br />
|shorttitle=Les Reports du Tres Erudite Edmund Saunders<br />
|vol=2 volumes in one<br />
|author=Sir Edmund Saunders<br />
|publoc=[London] In the Savoy<br />
|publisher=D. Browne<br />
|year=1722<br />
|edition=Second, corrected<br />
|lang=French<br />
|set=1<br />
|pages=101<br />
|desc=32 cm.<br />
}}Sir Edmund Saunders (d. 1683), judge and law reporter, was born of obscure parents near Gloucester. <ref>Stuart Handley, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24691?docPos=1 “Saunders, Sir Edmund (d. 1683)”], ‘’Oxford Dictionary of National Biography’’ (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed February 21, 2014.</ref> This preeminent barrister had humble beginnings, but his alacrity of mind quickly elevated him to a position of prominence within the profession.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He started out “courting the attorney’s clerks” for work at Clements Inn.<ref>Ibid.</ref> However, on account of his proficiency, the clerks placed him in a more permanent position as their copyist, a position which enabled him to eventually become an “exquisite entering clerk.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> His work did not go unnoticed; he entered Middle Temple in 1660 and was called to bar in 1664.<ref>Ibid.</ref> <br />
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He began writing his reports in 1666 and continued to do so until 1672.<ref>Ibid.</ref> They reflect the quickness with which Saunders established a very large practice; in 1680 he was the leading pleader on the pleas side and the fifth for the crown.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He argued many high profile cases, including those of several individuals involved in the Popish Plot.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1682, Saunders was made a king’s counsel to Charles II and became a bencher in the Middle Temple later that year.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
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A sickly man, Saunders died in 1683 of the “palsy, stone, and a complication of other distempers.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> Saunders had never married and had no children.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Therefore, he willed his estate to Nathaniel Earle and his wife, with whom he had lived for many years.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Saunders never had a high regard for fees during his lifetime as he never forgot his humble origins.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Fittingly, he left a significant amount of money for the poor.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
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To say that Saunders’ reports are excellent is an understatement; brilliant is a more apt description. Scholars consider his works “the most valuable and accurate reports of their age,” worthy of “the homage of the world.”<ref>John William Wallace, “The Reporters Arranged and Characterized with Incidental Remarks'' (Boston: Soule and Bugbee, 1882) 338.</ref> Their value has not been limited to English common law. The famous, American orator Daniel Webster, who learned “legal logic” from the reports, found them to be of such great importance that he translated them into English.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The notes of Serjeant John Williams, a commentary scholars consider “luminous, correct, and comprehensive” add much to the pedagogical value of Saunders’ work.<ref>Ibid. 340</ref><br />
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These accolades are supported by the reports themselves which are “frank and simple” in their design.<ref>J. G. Marvin, ''Legal Bibliography or a Thesaurus of American, English, Irish, and Scotch Law Books'' (Philadelphia: T. & J. W. Johnson, Law Booksellers, 1847),630.</ref> Unlike other early reports, they are accurate and contains few errors.<ref>Percy H. Winfield, ''The Chief Sources of English Legal History'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1925),284.</ref> The substantive material reflects the author’s abilities as the preeminent pleader of his day and it derives much of its value from his expertise.<ref>J.G. Marvin, ‘’Legal Bibliography,’’ 630.</ref> Well into the nineteenth century, Saunders’ works remained the “Bible of the Law of Special Pleading.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> <br />
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==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
Both Dean's Memo<ref>Memorandum from Barbara C. Dean, Colonial Williamsburg Found., to Mrs. Stiverson, Colonial Williamsburg Found. (June 16, 1975), 7 (on file at Wolf Law Library, College of William & Mary).</ref> and Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433</ref> list the second edition of this title based on entries in John Marshall's law notes.<ref>''The Papers of John Marshall'', eds. Herbert A. Johnson, Charles T. Cullen, and Nancy G. Harris (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, in association with the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1974), 1:57.</ref> <br />
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==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/2080641 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
===References===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case Reports]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:King's Bench Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsandershttp://lawlibrary.wm.edu/wythepedia/index.php?title=Reports_of_Cases_Adjudged_in_the_Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Salkeld)&diff=17954Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Court of King's Bench (Salkeld)2014-02-21T13:31:52Z<p>Jmsanders: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Court of King's Bench (Salkeld)''}}<br />
<big>''Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Court of King's Bench: with Some Special Cases in the Courts of Chancery, Common Pleas and Exchequer, from the first year of K. William and Q. Mary, to the tenth year of Queen Anne''</big><br />
===by William Salkeld===<br />
William Salkeld (1671-1715), serjeant at law and law reporter, led a short, but productive life.<ref>W.R. Williams, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24550 “Salkeld, William (b. 1671, d. 1715)”], ‘’Oxford Dictionary of National Biography’’ (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed February 21, 2014.</ref> He matriculated at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford in 1687 and entered the Middle Temple in 1692.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1698 he was called to bar. <ref>Ibid.</ref> He married Mary Ryves in 1700 and settled in Dorset.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1715, He became serjeant at law in 1715 and was appointed chief justice of the great sessions for the counties of Carmarthen, Cardigan, and Pembroke.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Salkeld died later that year.<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
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Salkeld was well known for his reports.<ref>Ibid.</ref> His Reports of Cases in the Court of King’s Bench, published after his death, became “the standard work of the period.”<ref>Ibid.</ref> The first two volumes are of “ undoubted accuracy” and were published under the guidance of Lord Hardwicke.<ref>J.G. Marvin, ''Legal Bibliography'' (Philadelphia: T. & J.W. Johnson Law Booksellers, 1847),626-27.</ref> However, the third volume is not highly regarded and is more of a “refuse collection of cases,” containing the material Salkeld considered “unworthy of publication.”<ref>Ibid.</ref><br />
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__NOTOC__<br />
{{BookPageInfoBox<br />
|imagename=SalkeldReportsofCases1717-18v2.jpg<br />
|link=https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/3621014<br />
|shorttitle=Salkeld's Reports <br />
|vol=volume two<br />
|author=William Salkeld<br />
|lang=English<br />
|publoc=London<br />
|publisher=In the Savoy: J. Walthoe and J. Walthoe, jun.<br />
|year=1717-18<br />
|set=2<br />
}}<br />
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<br />
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Description of the Wolf Law Library's copy==<br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
View this book in [https://catalog.swem.wm.edu/law/Record/3621014 William & Mary's online catalog.]<br />
===References===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Case Reports]]<br />
[[Category:George Wythe Collection at William & Mary's Wolf Law Library]]<br />
[[Category:King's Bench Reports]]<br />
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]</div>Jmsanders